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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-2798</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Surface impacts of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs): Comparison of 2018 and 2019 SSWs in SNAPSI experiments</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hong</surname>
<given-names>Dong-Chan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Son</surname>
<given-names>Seok-Woo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2982-9501</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ayarzagüena</surname>
<given-names>Blanca</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3959-5673</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Butler</surname>
<given-names>Amy H.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3632-0925</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Garfinkel</surname>
<given-names>Chaim I.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7258-666X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hitchcock</surname>
<given-names>Peter</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8993-3808</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hyun</surname>
<given-names>Yu-Kyung</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Jiankai</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Earth Physics and Astrophysics, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Forecast Technology Division, Korea Meteorological Administration, Seoul, 07062, South Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>01</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>27</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Dong-Chan Hong et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2798/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2798/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2798/egusphere-2026-2798.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2798/egusphere-2026-2798.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Stratospheric Sudden Warmings (SSWs) significantly affect surface climate in boreal winter. However, their impacts vary considerably from one event to another: more than one-third of SSWs are not followed by expected tropospheric anomalies. To isolate the forced responses to SSWs, this study analyzes model experiments from the Stratospheric Nudging And Predictable Surface Impacts (SNAPSI) project, where the stratospheric zonal-mean state is nudged using either observations or climatology. The differences between the two experiments are examined within a multi-model ensemble framework. Nudging experiments conducted for the 2018 SSW, which featured significant tropospheric responses, and the 2019 SSW, which showed none, reveal that both SSWs consistently drive a negative Northern Annular Mode over time. The forced tropospheric response is primarily driven by an increase in Arctic surface pressure resulting from poleward mass fluxes in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. The poleward mass fluxes are initially induced by the zonal wind nudging in the middle stratosphere and subsequently by the eddy heat and momentum fluxes in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. This result suggests that while SSWs intrinsically drive tropospheric anomalies, the internal variability in the troposphere strengthens or suppresses the forced anomalies from the stratosphere, which may determine the existence of expected tropospheric anomalies following SSWs.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="27"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Research Foundation of Korea</funding-source>
<award-id>2023R1A2C3005607</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Israel Science Foundation</funding-source>
<award-id>3065/23</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs3">
<funding-source>National Science Foundation</funding-source>
<award-id>2340133</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs4">
<funding-source>Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación</funding-source>
<award-id>PID2024-158151NB-I00</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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