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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-2649</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Multi-Criteria Framework for CORDEX-CORE2 GCM Selection</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ashfaq</surname>
<given-names>Moetasim</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4106-3027</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Coppola</surname>
<given-names>Erika</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6944-5815</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lennard</surname>
<given-names>Chris</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6085-0320</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Teichmann</surname>
<given-names>Claas</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2478-7074</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rastogi</surname>
<given-names>Deeksha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Massoud</surname>
<given-names>Elias</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1772-5361</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Buonomo</surname>
<given-names>Erasmo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7179-0383</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Im</surname>
<given-names>Eun-Soon</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8953-7538</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zittis</surname>
<given-names>George</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6839-5622</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Evans</surname>
<given-names>Jason P.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1776-3429</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fernandez</surname>
<given-names>Jesus</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3483-0008</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Evans</surname>
<given-names>Katherine J.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8174-6450</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Silva</surname>
<given-names>Maria Leidinice da</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Adinolfi</surname>
<given-names>Marianna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bukovsky</surname>
<given-names>Melissa</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6415-965X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rocha</surname>
<given-names>Rosmeri Porfirio da</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3378-393X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hasson</surname>
<given-names>Shabeh ul</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7791-9635</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Solman</surname>
<given-names>Silvina A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sobolowski</surname>
<given-names>Stefan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6422-4535</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
<sup>15</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Das</surname>
<given-names>Sushant</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
<sup>16</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brands</surname>
<given-names>Swen</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3254-0277</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cavazos</surname>
<given-names>Tereza</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
<sup>17</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ngo-Duc</surname>
<given-names>Thanh</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1444-7498</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
<sup>18</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gao</surname>
<given-names>Xuejie</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2162-4037</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
<sup>19</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Climate System Analysis Group, University of Cape Town, South Africa</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 20095 Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>ARC Centre of Excellence for Weather of the 21st Century and Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Lecce, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>12</label>
<addr-line>Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff13">
<label>13</label>
<addr-line>HAREME Lab, Earth and Society Research Hub, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff14">
<label>14</label>
<addr-line>Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires; Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff15">
<label>15</label>
<addr-line>Geophyisical Institute, University of Bergen and the Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff16">
<label>16</label>
<addr-line>Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff17">
<label>17</label>
<addr-line>Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, Mexico</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff18">
<label>18</label>
<addr-line>Department of Space and Earth Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff19">
<label>19</label>
<addr-line>Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre, Climate Change Research Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>21</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>53</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Moetasim Ashfaq et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2649/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2649/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2649/egusphere-2026-2649.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2649/egusphere-2026-2649.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>We present a structured multi-criteria framework for the sub-selection of CMIP6 global climate models (GCMs) to support CORDEX-CORE2 dynamical downscaling. The framework integrates five key criteria: historical performance, model independence, regional temperature sensitivity, precipitation spread, and data availability, and is designed to identify a single, consistent subset of GCMs across all CORDEX domains to improve the comparability and interpretability of regional projections. A total of 45 GCMs are evaluated over the historical period (1981&amp;ndash;2014), with 31 models further assessed for projected changes over 2015&amp;ndash;2100. Application of the framework shows that model performance is systematically higher for large-scale circulation and thermodynamic fields than for precipitation seasonality and monsoon-related processes, which remain a dominant source of uncertainty across regions. Despite the diversity of climates represented across CORDEX domains, model rankings are broadly consistent, with top-performing models exhibiting stable performance across both tropical and extratropical regions, while lower-ranked models show more pervasive deficiencies rather than region-specific weaknesses. Sensitivity analyses demonstrate that rankings are largely insensitive to the choice of aggregation method but depend strongly on the breadth of evaluation metrics, with robust and reproducible rankings emerging only when a large fraction of the full metric suite is retained. Assessment of model independence reveals substantial clustering within the ensemble, indicating that many models share similar performance characteristics, while a smaller subset provides distinct and complementary information. Regional temperature sensitivity exhibits a coherent ordering across domains, suggesting that differences in projected warming are primarily governed by intrinsic model characteristics rather than region-specific effects. In contrast, precipitation spread shows strong regional variability, with both the magnitude and temporal structure of precipitation change differing widely across models. The relationship between precipitation and warming further highlights that, in some regions, precipitation responses scale with temperature, while in others they are dominated by circulation variability. By combining these criteria with data availability constraints, the framework identifies a reduced set of models that retains key aspects of performance, diversity, and projected change. This approach provides a transparent and reproducible basis for GCM selection within CORDEX-CORE2 and offers a generalizable strategy for coordinated regional climate modeling efforts.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="53"/></counts>
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<funding-source>Oak Ridge National Laboratory</funding-source>
<award-id>3395AF74</award-id>
<award-id>3NOA31MA</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
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</front>
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