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<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-2469</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Cellular Automaton Model of Tropical Oceanic Rain Clusters with Criticality</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cheung</surname>
<given-names>Kevin K. W.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1204-3089</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Teo</surname>
<given-names>Chee-Kiat</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Koh</surname>
<given-names>Tieh-Yong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Climate Research Singapore, 537054, Singapore (retired)</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Singapore University of Social Sciences, 599494, Singapore</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>30</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Kevin K. W. Cheung et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2469/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2469/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2469/egusphere-2026-2469.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2469/egusphere-2026-2469.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The distributions of the cluster area, &lt;em&gt;A&lt;/em&gt;, and total rain rate, &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;, for tropical oceanic rain clusters from a cellular automaton (CA) are analysed for their scaling exponent &lt;em&gt;&amp;zeta;&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;&amp;zeta;&lt;sub&gt;R&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;&amp;beta;&lt;/em&gt; where f(s)~s-&lt;em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;zeta;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;S&lt;/sup&gt;; &lt;/sub&gt;S&amp;isin;{A,R}&lt;/em&gt;; &lt;em&gt;f&lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;s&lt;/em&gt;) the probability distribution of &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;. The CA only includes a few simple rules representing a small set of dynamics thought to be important for convective organization. These rules represent large-scale destabilization of the atmosphere under the moisture static energy framework with a slow driving timescale, as well as convective cells interaction through propagating gravity waves with a fast relaxation timescale. The CA exhibits percolation-like criticality, and the &lt;em&gt;&amp;zeta;&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&amp;shy;&lt;/sub&gt; is estimated to be near the 2-dimensional percolation value of 187/91. This agrees well with the &lt;em&gt;&amp;zeta;&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; estimates over the Indian Ocean warm pool and the tropical Atlantic reported in previous modelling study. Although other critical exponents of the rain cluster distributions from the CA, namely the &lt;em&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;sub&gt;S&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (scaling exponent of characteristic scale with driving force) and &lt;em&gt;D&lt;sub&gt;S&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (cluster fractal dimension), &lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;isin;&lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;A&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;}, depend on the adjustable parameter of the CA, the &lt;em&gt;&amp;zeta;&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; is robust to the adjustable parameter. Although the CA cannot account for the observed &lt;em&gt;&amp;zeta;&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; ~ 5/3 reported elsewhere based on observations, further tuning of it such as through the convective cells interaction strength or manner may make it approach the state of self-organized criticality.</p>
</abstract>
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