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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-2406</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>From Points to Images: Deep-Learning Enhanced Spatial-Temporal Rainfall Modelling from Point Measurements</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Bing-Zhang</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8637-3677</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Li-Pen</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0981-8397</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gires</surname>
<given-names>Auguste</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4121-9928</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>HM&amp;Co, École nationale des ponts et chaussées, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Champs-sur-Marne, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>36</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Bing-Zhang Wang et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2406/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2406/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2406/egusphere-2026-2406.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2406/egusphere-2026-2406.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>High-resolution rainfall fields are essential for hydrometeorological applications such as flood forecasting and urban drainage modelling. In practice, however, observations are often limited to sparse and irregular rain gauge networks, making it difficult to reconstruct spatial&amp;ndash;temporal rainfall structures and maintain temporal continuity. Conventional interpolation-based approaches struggle under these conditions, particularly when observations are highly sparse. This study proposes a data-driven framework, termed P2I-GAN, to reconstruct rainfall fields directly from irregular point measurements. Inspired by the concept of video inpainting in computer vision, the method learns spatial&amp;ndash;temporal rainfall structures from radar observations and applies this knowledge to infer rainfall fields from sparse gauge data. This allows spatial organisation of rainfall to be recovered in a temporally consistent manner, even when observations are limited. Evaluation results show that the proposed approach produces realistic rainfall structures while maintaining strong performance in standard statistical metrics, outperforming conventional interpolation methods and remaining competitive with existing learning-based approaches. The framework provides a practical pathway for reconstructing high-resolution rainfall fields from sparse observation networks.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="36"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Science and Technology Council</funding-source>
<award-id>113-2923-M-002-001-MY4</award-id>
<award-id>114-2625-M-002-011-</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Agence Nationale de la Recherche</funding-source>
<award-id>ANR-23-CE01-0019- 01</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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