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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-2356</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Meteoroids as a source of metal ion clouds in Earth&amp;rsquo;s upper thermosphere</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Gang</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6690-4024</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>Yimeng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Guotao</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Feng</surname>
<given-names>Wuhu</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9907-9120</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>Jiyao</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Shaodong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Guozhu</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7669-3590</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fang</surname>
<given-names>Hanxian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Du</surname>
<given-names>Lifang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zheng</surname>
<given-names>Haoran</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cheng</surname>
<given-names>Xuewu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Faquan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xun</surname>
<given-names>Yuchang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>Kaiming</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yan</surname>
<given-names>Chunxiao</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>20</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Gang Chen et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2356/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2356/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2356/egusphere-2026-2356.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2356/egusphere-2026-2356.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Advances in lidar technology have enabled the detection of Metal Ion Clouds (MICs) at altitudes between 120&amp;ndash;300 km in the Earth&amp;rsquo;s thermosphere. Observations from a Ca&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; lidar in Beijing, China, reveal that these MICs are characterized by tightly packed, stripe-like structures that span extensive areas, covering hundreds to thousands of square kilometers. Some of these stripes extend downward to the Main Metal Layer (MML) around 100 km, and some clouds descend with tidal winds and merge into the underlying MML. While arriving the altitudes of Mesosphere and Low-Thermosphere (MLT), they lead to an increase in Sporadic-E (Es) layer density, and even trigger the formation of a new Es layer. The metal ions in the upper thermosphere will eventually sink into the MML and significantly affect its density variations. The striped structure of MICs and their direct effects on Es and MML suggest they originate from meteoroid trails, challenging traditional views on meteoric input.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="20"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
<award-id>42274197</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
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