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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-2285</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>An Ensemble-Based Coastal Flooding Index For Early Warning Applications</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Favaretto</surname>
<given-names>Chiara</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5238-4136</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Barbariol</surname>
<given-names>Francesco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Benetazzo</surname>
<given-names>Alvise</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9535-4922</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cavaleri</surname>
<given-names>Luigi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Falcieri</surname>
<given-names>Francesco Marcello</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ferrarin</surname>
<given-names>Christian</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1172-1463</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ferretti</surname>
<given-names>Rossella</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Menegon</surname>
<given-names>Stefano</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nastasi</surname>
<given-names>Matteo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4262-1303</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Redaelli</surname>
<given-names>Gianluca</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4449-1513</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ricchi</surname>
<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-8442</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ruol</surname>
<given-names>Piero</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0910-8443</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering (DICEA), University of Padua, Padua, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Venice, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Center of Excellence Telesensing of Environment and Model Prediction of Severe events, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences (DSFC), University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>These authors contributed equally to this work.</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>18</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>24</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Chiara Favaretto et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2285/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2285/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2285/egusphere-2026-2285.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2285/egusphere-2026-2285.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Coastal flooding poses a major threat to low-lying coastal areas, particularly under increasing storm intensity and sea-level rise. Early warning systems traditionally rely on deterministic forecasts, which provide a single possible scenario and fail to represent forecast uncertainty. In this study, we evaluate a probabilistic early warning framework for coastal flooding based on short-range ensemble forecasts and assess the feasibility of ensemble reduction to support operational applications. A &lt;em&gt;Coastal Flooding Index&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;CFI&lt;/em&gt;) is introduced, linking the total sea levels at the beach, computed by an atmosphere-ocean-wave modelling chain including nearshore wave processes, to the geometry of local coastal defences. The framework is applied as a pilot case to a low-lying, urbanized coastal stretch in the northern Adriatic Sea (Italy) and tested during two severe storm events (&lt;em&gt;Vaia&lt;/em&gt;, 2018, and &lt;em&gt;Detlef&lt;/em&gt;, 2019). Ensemble forecasts derived from a full atmospheric ensemble (50 members) are compared with a reduced ensemble (15 members) obtained through a clustering-based selection of representative members. Results show that the reduced ensemble consistently preserves the key probabilistic properties of the full ensemble, including the spatial patterns, timing, and magnitude of ensemble mean and spread of wind speed, significant wave height, nearshore sea level, and derived flooding indicators, while considerably reducing the computational cost (30 % of numerical simulations required). Although limited to two events and a single site, this study demonstrates the potential of combining &lt;em&gt;CFI&lt;/em&gt; with ensemble reduction to retain the benefits of probabilistic forecasting for coastal flooding early warning within operational constraints.</p>
</abstract>
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<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Ministero dell&apos;Università e della Ricerca</funding-source>
<award-id>PRIN-PNRR 2022</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
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