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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-2106</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>An experiment to resolve system-scale lake ice properties shaped by environmental processes</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Strobel</surname>
<given-names>Felix</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4145-3043</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hillers</surname>
<given-names>Gregor</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2341-1892</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jilbert</surname>
<given-names>Tom</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Loehr</surname>
<given-names>John</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Stranne</surname>
<given-names>Christian</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1004-5213</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Oksanen</surname>
<given-names>Tahvo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vänskä</surname>
<given-names>Jonathan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Courbis</surname>
<given-names>Roméo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4673-6860</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rintamäki</surname>
<given-names>Annukka</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sadeghi-Bagherabadi</surname>
<given-names>Amir</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3189-5241</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Weißgräber</surname>
<given-names>Lasse</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ding</surname>
<given-names>Yinshuai</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>de Langenhagen</surname>
<given-names>Marc</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Valero Cano</surname>
<given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Atobra</surname>
<given-names>Kwabena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Doñate Felip</surname>
<given-names>Vicent</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8954-2088</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hopiavuori</surname>
<given-names>Valtteri</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kankainen</surname>
<given-names>Max</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9130-1404</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Khodadadi</surname>
<given-names>Mohammad Alem</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kolehmainen</surname>
<given-names>Kauri</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Makkonen</surname>
<given-names>Emma</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nygrén</surname>
<given-names>Liisa</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1411-6106</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Purhonen</surname>
<given-names>Eero</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2187-108X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rolleberg</surname>
<given-names>Niklas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tuomiranta</surname>
<given-names>Jasmiina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vuorinen</surname>
<given-names>Tommi</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-012X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mordret</surname>
<given-names>Aurélien</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7998-5417</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schmelzbach</surname>
<given-names>Cédric</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1380-8714</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Moreau</surname>
<given-names>Ludovic</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Coutant</surname>
<given-names>Olivier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hadziioannou</surname>
<given-names>Céline</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5312-2226</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Geophysics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Belle Etoile Production, Chambéry, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>Institut des Sciences de la Terre, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>44</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Felix Strobel et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2106/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2106/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2106/egusphere-2026-2106.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2106/egusphere-2026-2106.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The multi-scale composition, structure, and dynamics of seasonal ice floating on freshwater lakes are influenced by ambient conditions. Here we describe a comprehensive geoscience experiment for lake system imaging and monitoring of spatiotemporal ice property variations. We explore the resolution of meteorological and environmental driving mechanisms that can include the quantification of methane degassing from boreal lakes. The project centerpiece is a seismic array of 210 geophones arranged in an aperiodic tiling configuration that was deployed in February 2025 on the ~25 cm thick ice of Lake P&amp;auml;&amp;auml;j&amp;auml;rvi in southern Finland. The 10-km scale lake array is complemented by three dense circular arrays, 31 land-based sensors, eight broadband seismometers, three accelerometers, a rotational seismometer, a Distributed Acoustic Sensing system with a 1 km-long fibre optic cable, an underwater echosounder, a microphone, a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey, water chemistry measurements, manual ice thickness sampling and ice coring, and meteorological observations. We observe the strongly dispersive QS flexural mode and the weakly or non-dispersive QS₀ and HS₀ modes excited by hammer shots, icequakes, and environmental sources and reconstruct the average propagation using beamforming and noise correlations. Propagation speed estimates for the three modes range approximately between 20&amp;ndash;100 m s⁻&amp;sup1;, 3000&amp;ndash;3400 m s⁻&amp;sup1;, and 1650&amp;ndash;1800 m s⁻&amp;sup1;, respectively. High values for the Poisson&apos;s ratio &lt;em&gt;&amp;nu;&lt;/em&gt; = 0.42 and Young&apos;s modulus &lt;em&gt;E&lt;/em&gt; = 8.59 GPa reflect the overall competent characteristics of the ice referred to as ter&amp;auml;sj&amp;auml;&amp;auml; (steel ice). Seismic activity in the 0.03&amp;ndash;0.2 Hz band increases during high wind speed episodes, and signals above 0.1 Hz correlate with rapid air-temperature cooling events. The GPR profile images the spatial ice variability across the lake that is compatible with the in-situ measurements, and we show that seismo-acoustic observations can be inverted for similarly compatible thickness estimates. The geochemical water and ice sample analysis suggests Lake P&amp;auml;&amp;auml;j&amp;auml;rvi is a source of methane, and localized ebullition can potentially be resolved from echosounder data. This synthesis demonstrates that the application of environmental seismology concepts can form a bridge between bottom-up ebullition monitoring and remote-sensing approaches.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="44"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Research Council of Finland</funding-source>
<award-id>362968</award-id>
<award-id>359182</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<back>
</back>
</article>