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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-2014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Development of a high-resolution coupled SHiELD-MOM6-LM4 &amp;ndash; Part 2: Model overview, coupling technique, and evaluation of hydrological extremes during Hurricane Helene</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mouallem</surname>
<given-names>Joseph</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-3056</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Malyshev</surname>
<given-names>Sergey</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6259-1043</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tan</surname>
<given-names>Zhihong</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7422-3317</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shevliakova</surname>
<given-names>Elena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gao</surname>
<given-names>Kun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Harris</surname>
<given-names>Lucas</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6072-8624</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Benson</surname>
<given-names>Rusty</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9062-9117</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cooke</surname>
<given-names>William</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zadeh</surname>
<given-names>Niki</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chilutti</surname>
<given-names>Lauren</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7622-1262</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA, Princeton, NJ, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>19</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>27</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Joseph Mouallem et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2014/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2014/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2014/egusphere-2026-2014.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2014/egusphere-2026-2014.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This work describes the implementation strategy and technical challenges involved in integrating the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)&apos;s Land Model (LM4) with dynamic subgrid tiling capabilities within the atmospheric model, System for High-resolution modeling for Earth-to-Local Domains (SHiELD), capable of kilometer-scale global simulations. A key challenge addressed in this effort is coupling LM4, which was designed for implicit surface flux coupling, with SHiELD&apos;s explicit physics solver. We achieve this through a refactoring of the atmospheric physics suite and code drivers, enabling implicit land-atmosphere coupling of heat and moisture within the well established FMS coupler infrastructure. The resulting flexible architecture supports multiple model configurations from a single executable without recompilation. This extends SHiELD from an uncoupled atmospheric model, in which land processes are treated as a part of the atmospheric physics package, to a fully coupled high resolution atmosphere-ocean-land-ice model. We demonstrate the new system through a high-resolution global simulation of Hurricane Helene&apos;s landfall where the land component realistically captures the rapid soil saturation, localized runoff generation and multi-day river flooding concentration in Western North Carolina. These results validate the technical coupling strategy, unlock new forecast capabilities, and highlight the importance of interactive land-atmosphere coupling for simulating extreme weather and hydrological events.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="27"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</funding-source>
<award-id>NA18OAR4320123</award-id>
<award-id>NA23OAR4320198</award-id>
<award-id>NA23OAR4050432I</award-id>
<award-id>Global-nest initiative</award-id>
<award-id>Bipartisan Infrastructure Law</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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