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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-1958</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>BHRR v1.0: a two-stage Transformer framework for simultaneous spatial restoration and quantile-function bias correction of climate model temperature fields</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Song</surname>
<given-names>Young Hoon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>Hyung Ju</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chung</surname>
<given-names>Eun-Sung</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4329-1800</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>20</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>46</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Young Hoon Song et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1958/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1958/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1958/egusphere-2026-1958.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1958/egusphere-2026-1958.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Bias correction of climate model temperature fields in the image domain is difficult because general circulation model (GCM) outputs and observation-based references occupy different statistical distributions at each grid cell, so pixel-wise regression can recover spatial structure while leaving distributional biases intact. This study presents a two-stage Transformer framework, bias-corrected high-resolution restoration (BHRR), that addresses this problem by decoupling spatial restoration from distribution-aware bias correction. The framework is evaluated on daily near-surface temperature fields over a fixed 200&amp;times;280 grid-point (latitude &amp;times; longitude at 0.25&amp;deg; resolution) Oceania domain by sequentially coupling spatial restoration and distribution-aware bias correction. In the first stage, a Restormer model restores high-resolution spatial structure from linearly interpolated model fields. In the second stage, a Vision Transformer predicts a reference-based quantile map that is used as an explicit transfer function for equidistant cumulative distribution function (CDF) matching in future projections. Across daily minimum, mean, and maximum near-surface air temperature, the restoration stage improves spatial fidelity, increasing median structural similarity to 0.876&amp;ndash;0.908 and median peak signal-to-noise ratio to 26.6&amp;ndash;28.1 dB. The bias-correction stage further reduces systematic error, yielding near-zero median percent bias (&amp;lt;0.1%) and lowering median root mean square error (mean temperature by approximately 0.5 K and maximum temperature from 4.4 K to 3.7 K). To verify that the framework preserves climate-change signals rather than collapsing future projections toward historical climatology, future projections under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 are examined using ETCCDI extreme indices and Sen&apos;s slope. The results confirm scenario-dependent differences in extreme-temperature diagnostics, and spatial-variability analysis shows patterns consistent with a standard downscaled benchmark, supporting the use of the BHRR v1.0 framework as a technical post-processing tool for distribution-aware bias correction of gridded climate fields.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="46"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Research Foundation of Korea</funding-source>
<award-id>RS-2023-00246767_4</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
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