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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-194</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>European HFC emissions evaluated with multiple atmospheric inverse models and UNFCCC national inventories</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>De Longueville</surname>
<given-names>Hélène</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3955-4508</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Melo</surname>
<given-names>Daniela B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Redington</surname>
<given-names>Alison</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ramsden</surname>
<given-names>Alice</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3937-8556</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Danjou</surname>
<given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Andrews</surname>
<given-names>Peter</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pitt</surname>
<given-names>Joseph</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8660-5136</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Murphy</surname>
<given-names>Brendan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Constantin</surname>
<given-names>Lionel</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0347-4897</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Stanley</surname>
<given-names>Kieran M.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3388-0932</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>O'Doherty</surname>
<given-names>Simon</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4051-6760</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wenger</surname>
<given-names>Angelina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Young</surname>
<given-names>Dickon</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6723-3138</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Engel</surname>
<given-names>Andreas</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0557-3935</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schuck</surname>
<given-names>Tanja</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1380-3684</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Meixner</surname>
<given-names>Katharina</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5474-8188</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wagenhaeuser</surname>
<given-names>Thomas</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4501-6108</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gad</surname>
<given-names>Fides</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vollmer</surname>
<given-names>Martin K.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5569-9718</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Reimann</surname>
<given-names>Stefan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9885-7138</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Maoine</surname>
<given-names>Michela</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2622-5772</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Arduini</surname>
<given-names>Jgor</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5199-3853</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lunder</surname>
<given-names>Chris</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schmidtbauer</surname>
<given-names>Norbert</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Haszpra</surname>
<given-names>László</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7747-6475</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Molnár</surname>
<given-names>Mihály</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Frumau</surname>
<given-names>Arnoud</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5940-0285</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Couret</surname>
<given-names>Cedric</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1874-9883</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rigby</surname>
<given-names>Matthew</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2020-9253</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Henne</surname>
<given-names>Stephan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-4887</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Manning</surname>
<given-names>Alistair</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1431-7514</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ganesan</surname>
<given-names>Anita</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5715-8923</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Empa, Laboratory for Air Pollution / Environmental Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Climate and Environmental Research Institute NILU, Lillestrøm, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>HUN-REN Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science, Sopron, Hungary</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>German Environment Agency UBA, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>05</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>40</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Hélène De Longueville et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-194/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-194/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-194/egusphere-2026-194.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-194/egusphere-2026-194.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are potent greenhouse gases widely used in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and heat pump systems. Accurate monitoring of HFC emissions is essential to evaluate compliance with climate regulations and inform mitigation strategies. This study presents trends of HFC emissions across north-western Europe between 2013 and 2024, derived from atmospheric inverse modelling combining atmospheric measurements at eleven monitoring stations with two transport models (NAME and FLEXPART) and three Bayesian inversion systems (InTEM, ELRIS, RHIME). Although global emissions continue to rise for most HFCs, in north-west Europe our results show an overall steady decline in total HFC emissions from 40&amp;plusmn;3 TgCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-eqyr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; in 2016 (prior to enhanced regulation) to 29&amp;plusmn;2 TgCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-eqyr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; in 2023, following EU F-gas Regulations. This reduction is driven primarily by decreasing emissions of HFC-134a, HFC-143a and HFC-125 despite increasing HFC-32 emissions due to its adoption as a lower-global-warming-potential alternative refrigerant. Comparisons with national inventories reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) show generally good agreement over north-western Europe but reveal discrepancies for specific compounds and countries, particularly for HFC-134a and HFC-125 in France and Germany during the earlier years of the study period. The recent expansion of the European measurement network demonstrates potential to improve spatial coverage and resolution of inverse emission estimates, especially in southern and central Europe. This study highlights the value of combining atmospheric observations with multiple inversion systems to provide independent HFC emission estimates to support climate policy evaluation.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="40"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>HORIZON EUROPE Climate, Energy and Mobility</funding-source>
<award-id>101081430</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<back>
</back>
</article>