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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-1936</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Mapping JUICE&amp;rsquo;s Journey: PRIDE observations from the Lunar-Earth Gravity Assist</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Molera Calvés</surname>
<given-names>Guifré</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8819-0651</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>White</surname>
<given-names>Oliver James</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1786-8310</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Edwards</surname>
<given-names>Jasper</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dirkx</surname>
<given-names>Dominic</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cimò</surname>
<given-names>Giuseppe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bocanegra-Bahamon</surname>
<given-names>Tatiana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fayolle</surname>
<given-names>Sam</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4407-5031</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fogasy</surname>
<given-names>Judit</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Frey</surname>
<given-names>Sándor</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3079-1889</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gisolfi</surname>
<given-names>Luigi</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6658-7262</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gurvits</surname>
<given-names>Leonid I.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0694-2459</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lainey</surname>
<given-names>Valery</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pallichadath</surname>
<given-names>Vidhya</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Perger</surname>
<given-names>Krisztina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pogrebenko</surname>
<given-names>Sergei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Quick</surname>
<given-names>Jonathan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Said</surname>
<given-names>Noor Masdiana Md</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sánchez Rodríguez</surname>
<given-names>Alfonso</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1889-6696</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Physics discipline, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 37, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD, Dwingeloo, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, 91109, CA, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>European Space Research and Technology Centre, ESA, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Konkoly Observatory, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre of Excellence, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, Paris, 75014, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory, Krugersdorp, South Africa</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>21</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Guifré Molera Calvés et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1936/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1936/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1936/egusphere-2026-1936.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1936/egusphere-2026-1936.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This paper presents the results of Planetary Radio Interferometry and Doppler Experiment (PRIDE) observations of the JUICE spacecraft during its lunar and Earth gravity-assist manoeuvres on August 19 and 20, 2024, using a network of VLBI radio telescopes. Prior to the flyby sequence, VLBI phase‑referencing observations were conducted to establish astrometric measurements and Doppler frequency calibration during the near-Earth approach. During the flyby events, the experiment successfully captured the signal ingress and egress during the lunar occultation, as well as the signal behaviour at closest approach to the lunar surface. Signal-diagnostic measurements were performed to characterise the received carrier signal and assess instrumental and propagation effects. The observed Doppler frequency measurements were subsequently compared with predicted values derived independently using the WebGeocalc service and the Tudat software framework. The close agreement between the measured Doppler observables and model predictions confirms that the tracking results are consistent with expectations for JUICE&apos;s cruise-phase configuration and the high-velocity dynamics of the Earth flyby. Finally, these measurements were also used to obtain complementary measurements of the terrestrial ionosphere and space weather conditions, and are being used for refining solar wind models using planetary spacecraft radio tracking.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="26"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
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