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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-1930</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Shell hash promotes growth in Pacific littleneck clams (&lt;em&gt;Leukoma staminea&lt;/em&gt;) by altering pore water chemistry</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kempf</surname>
<given-names>Hannah</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Griffin</surname>
<given-names>Alyssa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hill</surname>
<given-names>Tessa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schneider</surname>
<given-names>Tsim</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7044-8638</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Carlson</surname>
<given-names>Sandra</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gold</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-4022</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>These authors contributed equally to this work.</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>29</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Hannah Kempf et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1930/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1930/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1930/egusphere-2026-1930.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1930/egusphere-2026-1930.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Bivalves that build calcium carbonate skeletons are at particular risk from ocean acidification, and mitigation strategies will be needed to keep coastal populations healthy. It can be energetically costly for organisms like clams and mussels to build their shells under low pH conditions, and acidification can lead to shell dissolution. Adding crushed shells (shell hash) to beach sediments, a practice used by some Indigenous communities and aquaculturists, may mitigate the negative effects of ocean acidification by altering the chemistry of the pore fluids they live in. We tested the hypothesis that mixing shell hash into the sediment improves the growth and physiology of infaunal Pacific littleneck clams (&lt;em&gt;Leukoma staminea&lt;/em&gt;). Juvenile clams (pre-sexual maturity) were raised for 90 days under four conditions: control seawater with sediment, acidified seawater with sediment, control seawater with sediment plus shell hash, and acidified seawater with sediment plus shell hash. Pore water and overlying seawater were sampled three times a week for pH, alkalinity, salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. Clam shell weight, soft tissue weight, and new shell growth were measured, and mantle tissue RNA was collected for gene sequencing after three months. Our results demonstrate that the addition of shell hash increased the pH of porewater relative to the control, and animals exposed to acidified water plus shell hash grew larger than animals exposed to acidified water alone. Gene expression profiling suggests that animals in acidified seawater with shell hash were largely indistinguishable from animals in non-acidified water. Our experimental results suggest that adding shell hash to sediments alters the chemistry of pore fluids, thus buffering against acidic conditions that can negatively affect the growth of economically and culturally important shellfish like littleneck clams.</p>
</abstract>
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<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>California Sea Grant, University of California, San Diego</funding-source>
<award-id>R/HCE-22F</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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