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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-1856</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Incorporating irrigation effects into high-resolution daily land evaporation estimates over the Iberian Peninsula</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Baez-Villanueva</surname>
<given-names>Oscar M.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2262-1698</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Crespo-Otero</surname>
<given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6032-0827</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Modanesi</surname>
<given-names>Sara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Laluet</surname>
<given-names>Pierre</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vicente-Serrano</surname>
<given-names>Sergio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schellekens</surname>
<given-names>Jaap</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9942-4078</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dari</surname>
<given-names>Jacopo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2740-5270</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Beck</surname>
<given-names>Hylke E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dorigo</surname>
<given-names>Wouter</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-7572</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Massari</surname>
<given-names>Christian</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0983-1276</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Corbari</surname>
<given-names>Chiara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Massant</surname>
<given-names>Joppe</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0451-0676</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Delbare</surname>
<given-names>Kwint</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4178-8575</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bonte</surname>
<given-names>Olivier</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1806-7572</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Boone</surname>
<given-names>Aaron</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fernández-Prieto</surname>
<given-names>Diego</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>G. Miralles</surname>
<given-names>Diego</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6186-5751</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>CRETUS, Nonlinear Physics Group, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, National Research Council, Perugia, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE- CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Laboratorio de Climatología y Servicios Climáticos (LCSC), CSIC-University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Stichting Deltares, Delft, Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>12</label>
<addr-line>Météo-France, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRM, Toulouse, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff13">
<label>13</label>
<addr-line>European Space Agency, ESA-ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei, Frascati, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>10</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>28</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Oscar M. Baez-Villanueva et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1856/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1856/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1856/egusphere-2026-1856.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1856/egusphere-2026-1856.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Land evaporation (E) links the water, energy, and carbon cycles and plays a central role in agriculture, water management, and land&amp;ndash;climate interactions. However, estimating E at high spatial and temporal resolution remains challenging, especially in irrigated regions. This study presents a novel framework to generate daily 1 km E estimates for 2018&amp;ndash;2022 over the Iberian Peninsula by explicitly representing irrigation in the recently released Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model version 4 (GLEAM4). To this end, high-resolution (1 km) meteorological forcing is combined with Sentinel-1 soil moisture and ancillary information on irrigated extent and satellite-based crop phenology. Our method constrains E below potential evaporation (E&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;) even in irrigated land, leveraging observational data of vapour pressure deficit, air temperature, vegetation optical depth, leaf area index, wind speed, and shortwave radiation, which allows irrigated crops to respond realistically to diverse sources of vegetation stress, rather than assuming E&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; rates. Results reveal increases in E over irrigated areas of up to 450 mm yr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; when irrigation is explicitly considered, with spatial patterns consistent with independent irrigation estimates. Evaluation against eddy-covariance measurements demonstrates marked improvements at two irrigated sites in the Iberian Peninsula, with increases in daily Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) compared to simulations without irrigation of 0.40 and 0.70, respectively. The approach is also relatively robust to false positives in the irrigation mask owing to the fractional vegetation structure of GLEAM4. Overall, the resulting high-resolution E dataset provides a realistic representation of irrigation practices and supports applications in both agricultural management and regional water-resource assessments. The approach will be extended to global scales through integration into future GLEAM releases.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="28"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Belgian Federal Science Policy Office</funding-source>
<award-id>SR/02/402</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>European Space Agency</funding-source>
<award-id>RFP/3-18932/25/I-KE-bgh</award-id>
<award-id>AO/1-12108/24/I-KE</award-id>
<award-id>ESA/AO/1‐12062/23/I‐NB</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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