This study provides the first comprehensive characterisation of the chemical and mineralogical composition of mineral dust from Southern Africa, a major global dust source with significant impacts on regional climate and marine ecosystems. Laboratory-generated dust aerosol samples were produced using soils collected from key natural and emerging anthropogenic dust sources in Southern Africa.</p> <p>The chemical properties of mineral dust across Southern Africa were characterised using the elemental ratios Si/Al, (Ca + Mg)/Al, and K/Al, together with clay content. These indicators distinguish dust aerosols originating from arid western coastal areas from those originating from more humid eastern inland regions. They also provide information about the source-area environments and sediment weathering regimes, which are influenced by current and past temperature and precipitation patterns.</p> <p>The results of this study indicate that Southern African dust contains essential micronutrients such as iron (Fe), phosphorus (P) and manganese (Mn), which can become soluble and bioaccessible during atmospheric transport. This affects the biogeochemistry of nearby and remote marine ecosystems, including the Southern Ocean. Southern African dust also contains higher levels of carbonates than Northern African dust sources, which can promote heterogeneous reactions and particle ageing, and contribute to cloud condensation nuclei in the extensive stratocumulus deck over the northern Bay of Benguela. Our findings also suggest that Southern African dust contains higher levels of K-feldspar than Northern African dust, and could therefore be an important source of ice-nucleating particles for low mixed-phase clouds over the Southern Ocean.