<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" specific-use="SMUR" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2025-6033</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Indirect climate forcing from ozone depleting substances</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Collins</surname>
<given-names>William J.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-0850</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Daniel</surname>
<given-names>John S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chipperfield</surname>
<given-names>Martyn P.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6803-4149</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cussac</surname>
<given-names>Martin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Deushi</surname>
<given-names>Makoto</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-3918</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Faluvegi</surname>
<given-names>Gregory</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Griffiths</surname>
<given-names>Paul</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1089-340X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hodnebrog</surname>
<given-names>Øivind</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-8992</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Horowitz</surname>
<given-names>Larry W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Keeble</surname>
<given-names>James</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2714-1084</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kinnison</surname>
<given-names>Douglas</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3418-0834</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Naik</surname>
<given-names>Vaishali</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>O'Connor</surname>
<given-names>Fiona M.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2893-4828</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
<sup>15</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shindell</surname>
<given-names>Drew</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1552-4715</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
<sup>16</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tilmes</surname>
<given-names>Simone</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6557-3569</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tsigaridis</surname>
<given-names>Kostas</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5328-819X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Zihao</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1204-2369</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Weber</surname>
<given-names>James</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0643-2026</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Météo-France, CNRS, Univ. Toulouse, CNRM, Toulouse, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>12</label>
<addr-line>Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff13">
<label>13</label>
<addr-line>Atmospheric Chemistry Observations &amp; Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff14">
<label>14</label>
<addr-line>Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff15">
<label>15</label>
<addr-line>Department of Mathematics &amp; Statistics, Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff16">
<label>16</label>
<addr-line>Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>28</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 William J. Collins et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2025-6033/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2025-6033/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2025-6033/egusphere-2025-6033.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2025-6033/egusphere-2025-6033.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Many halocarbons are powerful greenhouse gases and also influence climate indirectly through depletion of stratospheric ozone which opposes their direct greenhouse effect. Changes in effective radiative forcing (ERF) from historical ozone depletion have been diagnosed from model experiments with perturbed halocarbons run under the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. This is more negative than the offline stratospheric-temperature-adjusted radiative forcing (SARF). Including effects of ozone depletion on the methane lifetime makes the historical net ERF of ozone depleting substances consistent with zero. The Integrated Ozone Depletion (IOD) metric has been used to apportion this ERF between the halocarbon species and thereby derive indirect 100-year Global Warming Potentials (GWP100s) for a suite of halocarbons. The indirect GWP100 for CFC-11 is enough to make the net GWP100 likely negative, whereas the indirect contribution for CFC-12 is smaller due to a combination of longer stratospheric lifetime and fewer chlorine atoms. use of the online ERF, rather than the offline SARF, allows the model physics to account for changes in stratospheric temperature (as well as tropospheric temperature, water vapour and clouds) rather than estimating stratosphere temperature changes using fixed dynamical heating. This online calculation of radiative forcing rather than offline leads to approximately double the indirect GWPs compared to World Meteorological Organization assessments. This formalism can be used with other estimates of ozone ERF, as the indirect GWPs scale linearly with this quantity&lt;span&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="28"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Natural Environment Research Council</funding-source>
<award-id>NE/X004198/1</award-id>
<award-id>NE/X003450/1</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>European Commission</funding-source>
<award-id>101003536</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs3">
<funding-source>Norges Forskningsråd</funding-source>
<award-id>336227</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>