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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2025-5165</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Simulated evidence for ice over 1&amp;thinsp;Ma in the Dome A region, East Antarctica</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Dong</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7977-6422</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tang</surname>
<given-names>Xueyuan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chung</surname>
<given-names>Ailsa</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3822-845X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Parrenin</surname>
<given-names>Frédéric</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9489-3991</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>Bo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200230, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Key Laboratory of Polar Science of Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Key laboratory of Polar Atmosphere-ocean-ice System for Weather and climate, Ministry of education, department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences &amp; institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>University of Bern, Physics Institute, Climate and Environmental Physics, Bern, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>16</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>18</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Dong Li et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2025-5165/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2025-5165/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2025-5165/egusphere-2025-5165.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2025-5165/egusphere-2025-5165.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>&lt;span&gt;The search for Antarctic ice-core records older than 1&amp;thinsp;Ma is crucial for advancing our understanding of global climate change. However, basal melting and complex internal deformation within the Antarctic Ice Sheet make it extremely challenging to obtain continuous ice core records exceeding 1&amp;thinsp;Ma. In this study, we integrate ice&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;core observations, radar transect constraints, and a pseudo steady state modeling framework to construct a high&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;precision age model and evaluate the age of old ice in the Dome A region. Our simulations indicate extremely low basal melting&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span&gt;0.14&amp;thinsp;mm/yr&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;span&gt; at Kunlun Station, and a maximum ice age of 1737 &amp;plusmn; 223 ka, corresponding to low age density of 8.2&amp;thinsp;kyr/m. Considering the presence of basal melting, we adopt the age at 200&amp;thinsp;m above the bedrock as the maximum ice age, which yields an age 909 &amp;plusmn; 113&amp;thinsp;ka and age density of 2.5&amp;thinsp;kyr/m, which is far lower than the maximum age density of 20&amp;thinsp;kyr/m required for high&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;resolution climate reconstructions. Finally, we identify three potential locations where ice older than &lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span&gt;&amp;thinsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ma&lt;span&gt; may be preserved, with the area north of Kunlun Station exhibiting both older ice and higher age density. This work demonstrates the generality and transferability of the Isoinv1D model, providing important support for Chinese deep ice core drilling program at Dome A and accelerating the IPICS effort to locate and recover million-year-old ice.&lt;/span&gt;</p>
</abstract>
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