Previous observational and chamber studies have highlighted the significant promoting effects of relative humidity (RH) or aerosol liquid water (ALW) on the formation of aerosol NACs. However, the applicability of this pattern needs further validation in large-scale field observations. This study presents the simultaneous investigation of the composition, abundance, origins of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) in PM<sub>2.5</sub> across 11 Chinese cities during winter, with a focus on the key factors controlling NAC formation. Nitrophenols (NPs) and nitrocatechols (NCs) were identified as the main NAC groups, with their relative dominance varying by city. Higher total NAC concentrations were observed in northern cities, likely due to intensified coal and biomass burning. While secondary processes dominated wintertime NAC formation across all investigated cities, the average proportion of secondarily formed NACs was lower in the north (87 %) than in the south (93 %).<span> </span>This north-south disparity was more pronounced during polluted periods (82 % vs. 96 %). Furthermore, insignificant promoting effect of RH or ALW was found for most NACs except nitrosalicylic acids. The constraining effects from O<sub>3</sub>, •OH, and solar radiation on NAC formation were stronger in northern China due to higher levels of light-absorbing air pollution, potentially offsetting the promoting effects of RH and ALW. These findings suggest that the RH- and ALW-promoted NAC formation may not be universally applicable in real atmospheric environments, where multi-factor interactions play a critical role. This study highlights the necessity of considering complex field conditions in future research on NAC formation mechanisms.