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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2025-5566</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Technical note: Obtaining accurate, high-frequency and long-term seawater pH data by using coupled lab-on-chip and optode sensing technologies</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lucio</surname>
<given-names>Anthony Joseph</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-4914</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Koopmans</surname>
<given-names>Dirk</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Arundell</surname>
<given-names>Martin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Loucaides</surname>
<given-names>Socratis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schaap</surname>
<given-names>Allison</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5391-0516</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, U.K.</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>25</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2025</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>22</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Anthony Joseph Lucio et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5566/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5566/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5566/egusphere-2025-5566.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5566/egusphere-2025-5566.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The marine science community requires accurate, cost-effective, and reliable pH sensors capable of long-term, stable operations &lt;em&gt;in-situ&lt;/em&gt; from coastal to deep-sea environments. Spectrophotometric pH sensors based on lab-on-chip (LOC) technology have been shown to offer long-term accuracy that can sample every 10 minutes. However, for applications where higher-frequency measurements are important, this maximum sample rate may be limiting, in addition to the power requirements needed to operate the sensor.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In contrast, commercially available pH optodes (PyroScience GmbH) are relatively inexpensive, consume little power and have a small form factor, but with intense use the pH sensitive membrane can photo-oxidise, causing signal drift. The combination of LOC and optode technologies, however, can be used to provide long-term, high-frequency and high-stability &lt;em&gt;in-situ &lt;/em&gt;pH data, but protocols to correct for sensor drift need to be developed and evaluated.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To examine sensor drift and develop protocols to account for it, we suspended two LOC pH sensors with two pH optodes at 0.5 m depth from a floating pontoon within a harbour in Southampton, UK for six months (June&amp;ndash;December 2023). This is a highly dynamic tidal environment with substantial biofouling. The optode (AquapHOx-L-pH, PyroScience GmbH) and an independent pH sensor (Deep SeapHOx V2, Sea-Bird Scientific) measured at a high frequency (e.g., &amp;le;5 min) alongside a LOC pH sensor measuring at a lower frequency (e.g., &amp;le;2 hr). Triplicate lab validated co-samples were collected each week, in addition to dedicated sensors monitoring the temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and tidal height. We find good agreement i.e., mean ∆pH = -0.022 &amp;plusmn; 0.023 (3,182 data points in common) pH units between the SeapHOx and LOC sensors, in addition to individual field accuracies of &amp;lt;0.020 pH units. As expected, we found significant signal drift (e.g., generally &amp;le;0.012 pH units per day) and offsets (e.g., 0.1&amp;ndash;0.2 pH units) with the pH optodes after intensive use in a high biofouling environment. However, by coupling accurate LOC pH data to high frequency optode data, we corrected the optode signal drift/offset and achieved a similar field accuracy (&amp;lt;0.02 pH units) to the SeapHOx sensor even when using ultra-low LOC pH sensor measurement frequencies (e.g., several days to weeks). Overall, this work provides the oceanographic community with guidelines on how to achieve accurate, rapid and long-term pH measurements, while also balancing power requirements, by combining two complementary pH sensing technologies.</p>
</abstract>
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<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Dansk Energi</funding-source>
<award-id>64021-9005</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council</funding-source>
<award-id>101091959</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs3">
<funding-source>Natural Environment Research Council</funding-source>
<award-id>NE/R015953/1</award-id>
<award-id>NE/Y005589/1</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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