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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2025-5514</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Benchmarking Catchment-Scale Snow Water Equivalent Datasets and Models in the Western United States</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ritchie</surname>
<given-names>Ethan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wood</surname>
<given-names>Andrew W.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6231-0085</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Johnson</surname>
<given-names>Ryan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Marshall</surname>
<given-names>Adrienne</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5555-2548</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sturtevant</surname>
<given-names>Josh</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4697-2891</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liljestrand</surname>
<given-names>Dane</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Golitzin</surname>
<given-names>Emily</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0967-8736</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Colorado School of Mines, Hydrological Science and Engineering, Golden, CO USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Terrestrial Sciences Section, Boulder, CO USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>University of Utah, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Salt Lake City, UT USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>24</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2025</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>38</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Ethan Ritchie et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5514/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5514/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5514/egusphere-2025-5514.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5514/egusphere-2025-5514.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This study benchmarks a wide range of snow water equivalent (SWE) models and data products at a catchment scale in the Western US, and discusses an experimental protocol to facilitate community-wide intercomparisons. Utilizing lidar-based ASO (Airborne Snow Observatory) SWE estimates as a &apos;ground truth&apos;, this study evaluates the performance of multiple SWE products, including SNODAS, SWANN (4km and 800m), the US National Water Model (NWM), UCLA-SWE, SWEMLv2, NLDAS-2 (VIC, Noah, and Mosaic), ERA5-Land, Daymet and the CONUS404 dataset. We use SWE aggregated to hydrologic catchments as the standard spatial basis for assessment, focusing on multiple spatially-variable performance metrics. UCLA-SWE, SWANN (both 800 m and 4 km), and SWEMLv2 show the strongest agreement with ASO SWE, each achieving Kling&amp;ndash;Gupta Efficiency (KGE) values above 0.6. SNODAS also performs competitively with these higher-performing models. The coarser-resolution products generally perform poorly at the catchment scale. Notably, ERA5-Land and the NLDAS-2 Mosaic and VIC models demonstrate strong skill for basin-average SWE (R&amp;sup2; &amp;gt; 0.9), while the NLDAS-2 Noah model exhibits weak performance across both spatial scales. Noting the lack of a common community standard for SWE product and model evaluation, we use the results of the multi-dataset analysis to explore potential experimental protocols for a standardized SWE evaluation that could support community-wide intercomparison and benchmarking of existing and new SWE products. SWE datasets are a critical component in hydrologic prediction practices such as water supply forecasting, thus the use of experimental standards proposed herein could facilitate quantitative guidance for agency and stakeholder adoption of specific SWE products in decision support applications.</p>
</abstract>
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<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</funding-source>
<award-id>NA22NWS4320003</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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