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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2025-5331</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>An improved modelling chain for bias-adjusted high-resolution climate and hydrological projections for Norway</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>Shaochun</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7426-5181</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wong</surname>
<given-names>Wai Kwok</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dobler</surname>
<given-names>Andreas</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-0840</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bakke</surname>
<given-names>Sigrid Jørgensen</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6302-6468</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Beldring</surname>
<given-names>Stein</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Haddeland</surname>
<given-names>Ingjerd</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hygen</surname>
<given-names>Hans Olav</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-3152</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Løvset</surname>
<given-names>Tyge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mayer</surname>
<given-names>Stephanie</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0755-6354</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Melvold</surname>
<given-names>Kjetil</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2536-2772</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nilsen</surname>
<given-names>Irene Brox</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2828-8854</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ruan</surname>
<given-names>Gusong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sørland</surname>
<given-names>Silje Lund</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1537-0851</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dyrrdal</surname>
<given-names>Anita Verpe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Hydrology, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Oslo, 0301, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>NORCE Research AS, and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, 5008, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Climate and Environment, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, 0371, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>now at: SWECO AS, Bergen, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>now at: Lyse AS, Stavanger, 4018, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>07</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2025</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>51</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Shaochun Huang et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5331/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5331/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5331/egusphere-2025-5331.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5331/egusphere-2025-5331.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>About every 10 years, the Norwegian Centre for Climate Services publishes a national climate assessment report, presenting the updated historical climate change and climate projections towards the end of this century. This paper documents the model experiment used to generate high-resolution climate and hydrological projections for the new climate assessment report published in October 2025. The model experiment follows the standard modelling chain for hydrological impact assessment, i.e., climate model selection &amp;ndash; downscaling and bias adjustment &amp;ndash; hydrological modelling. However, compared with the model experiment for the climate assessment report published in 2015, all modelling components have been improved in terms of data availability, data quality and methodology. Specifically, a large climate model ensemble was available and new criteria were developed to select tailored climate projections for Norway. Two bias-adjustment methods (one univariate and one multivariate) were applied to account for the uncertainty of method choice. The hydrological modelling was improved by implementing a physically-based Penman-Monteith method for evaporation and a glacier model accounting for glacier retreat under climate change scenarios. Besides model description, this paper elaborates the effects of different bias-adjustment methods and the contribution of climate models and bias-adjustment methods to the uncertainty of climate and hydrological projections under the RCP4.5 scenario as examples. The results show that the two bias-adjustment methods can contribute larger uncertainty to seasonal projections than climate models. The multivariate bias-adjustment method improves hydrological simulations, especially in the reference period, but cannot conserve climate change signals of the original climate projections. The dataset generated by the presented modelling chain provides the most updated, comprehensive and detailed hydrometeorological projections for mainland Norway, serving as a knowledge base for climate change adaptation to decision makers at various administrative levels in Norway.</p>
</abstract>
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