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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2025-5330</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Sea ice melt drives vertical pCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; variability modulating air-sea gas exchange</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Henson</surname>
<given-names>Henry C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Søgaard</surname>
<given-names>Dorte H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jensen</surname>
<given-names>Bjarne</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lennert</surname>
<given-names>Kunuk</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Papakyriakou</surname>
<given-names>Tim</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sejr</surname>
<given-names>Mikael K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sievers</surname>
<given-names>Jakob</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0538-2330</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rysgaard</surname>
<given-names>Søren</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-2958</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sørensen</surname>
<given-names>Lise Lotte</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9823-589X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, 3900, Greenland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Department of Biology, Center for Ice-free Arctic Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>07</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2025</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>24</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Henry C. Henson et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5330/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5330/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5330/egusphere-2025-5330.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5330/egusphere-2025-5330.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Strong spatial and temporal gradients in salinity, temperature, and carbonate chemistry in Arctic coastal surface waters complicate the estimation of air-sea CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exchange, particularly during sea ice breakup. This study evaluates the applicability of the widely used bulk flux model under such conditions. The bulk approach assumes homogeneous surface conditions and linear vertical pCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; gradients. However, our observations in a stratified Arctic fjord reveal pronounced vertical variability in pCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; within the upper water column, including non-linear gradients near the air-sea interface. Micrometeorological measurements captured episodic upward CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes even when waters 1 m and below were CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-undersaturated. We hypothesize that transient, high-pCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; layers at ~0.1 m depth intermittently decouple the atmospheric exchange from subsurface waters, reversing the expected flux direction. These findings highlight the importance of resolving near-surface variability during the transition from ice-covered to open water conditions. We recommend incorporating micrometeorological techniques and high-resolution vertical profiling in Arctic fjords to improve flux estimates of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in this rapidly changing region.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="24"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council</funding-source>
<award-id>101056921</award-id>
<award-id>101136875</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Aarhus Universitets Forskningsfond</funding-source>
<award-id>AUFF-F-2021-7-7</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs3">
<funding-source>Aage V. Jensens Fonde</funding-source>
<award-id>AVJF21-3012</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs4">
<funding-source>Danmarks Grundforskningsfond</funding-source>
<award-id>DNRF 185</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs5">
<funding-source>Energi-, Forsynings- og Klimaministeriet</funding-source>
<award-id>ObsArktis</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
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