<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" specific-use="SMUR" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2025-4477</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Bayesian denoising of satellite images using co-registered NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; images</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Koene</surname>
<given-names>Erik Franciscus Maria</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2778-4066</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kuhlmann</surname>
<given-names>Gerrit</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-4712</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brunner</surname>
<given-names>Dominik</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-6902</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Empa, Laboratory for Air Pollution / Environmental Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>13</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2025</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>27</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Erik Franciscus Maria Koene et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-4477/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-4477/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-4477/egusphere-2025-4477.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-4477/egusphere-2025-4477.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Accurate emission tracking (e.g., locating and quantifying hot spots) using satellite images requires a good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of total column images. Achieving this SNR is challenging for satellite-based trace gas imagers, especially when enhancements are small relative to the background or small relative to retrieval uncertainty. Therefore, some satellites carry additional trace gas imagers with high SNR, such as NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, which is co-emitted with the trace gas of interest. While NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is frequently used qualitatively for plume detection or plume fitting, its potential for quantitative noise reduction remains largely untapped. This paper presents two methods to enhance the SNR of total column images using co-registered NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; images through minimum mean square error (MMSE) Bayesian denoising, which are a simple form of a Kalman filter or maximum a posteriori estimate. The first &apos;&apos;joint MMSE&apos;&apos; method relies on the presence of plumes in both the low- and co-registered high-SNR NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; images. The second &apos;&apos;self-similar MMSE&apos;&apos; method utilizes image self-similarity and is based on an existing technique called BM3D. The methods are evaluated using a synthetic dataset (SMARTCARB) of atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations, achieving over +40 decibels improvement in peak SNR. Additionally, the methods are applied to TROPOMI SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; data over South Africa and used to compute a divergence image, demonstrating that an estimated 30&amp;ndash;60 % noise reduction is possible. By enhancing the SNR of total column images, these techniques improve the detectability of subtle emission signals, which could benefit atmospheric monitoring applications.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="27"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Horizon 2020</funding-source>
<award-id>958927</award-id>
<award-id>101082194</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>