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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2025-4319</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Cloud droplet number enhancement from co-condensing NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, and organic vapours: sensitivity study</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Yu</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9480-3570</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Luo</surname>
<given-names>Beiping</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kleinheins</surname>
<given-names>Judith</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6597-9983</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Gang I.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1507-4622</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Heikkinen</surname>
<given-names>Liine</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7837-967X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Marcolli</surname>
<given-names>Claudia</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9125-8722</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>16</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2025</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>29</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Yu Wang et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-4319/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-4319/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-4319/egusphere-2025-4319.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-4319/egusphere-2025-4319.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Semi-volatile compounds such as organics, nitrate, chloride, and ammonium are ubiquitous in atmospheric aerosols. Their gaseous precursors (organics, HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, HCl, NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) co-condense with water vapour when ambient relative humidity (RH) increases, thus enhancing hygroscopic growth under sub-saturated conditions and facilitating activation as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) to cloud droplets. In this study, we investigate the co-condensation effect on CCN activation for inorganics, organics, and their combination in a boreal forest site in autumn with our cloud parcel model that includes non-ideality of&amp;nbsp; organic-inorganic mixtures. The volatility distribution of organics is highly uncertain but critically important to estimate the co-condensation effect. We compare two distinct volatility basis sets (VBS) established from experimental and modelling data at 25 &amp;deg;C, which we amended with a volatility bin of saturation concentration C* = 104 &amp;mu;g m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;, which proved to be highly relevant for CCN activation. The combined co-condensation of organics and inorganics increases CDNC by up to 52 % in simulations initialized with RH of 80 %, depending on VBS and updraft velocity during the air parcel uplifts. Non-ideality of the system is important for considering the co-condensation effect realistically. For the ideal case, the maximum CDNC enhancement due to the combined co-condensation effect is 131 % while it is 52 % for the non-ideal case. The combined enhancement in CDNC of inorganic and organic species exceeds the sum of individual effects and should be further constrained in different environments in cloud parcel models as a basis for regional and global simulations.</p>
</abstract>
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<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>ETH Zürich Foundation</funding-source>
<award-id>2021-HS-332</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung</funding-source>
<award-id>200021L_197149</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
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