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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2025-3940</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Simulating landfast sea ice breakage due to ocean eddies using a discrete element model</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Moncada</surname>
<given-names>Rigoberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gupta</surname>
<given-names>Mukund</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0181-9504</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ulloa</surname>
<given-names>Jacinto</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7616-5408</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Thompson</surname>
<given-names>Andrew F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Andrade</surname>
<given-names>Jose E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Delft University of Technology</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>University of Michigan</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>27</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2025</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>24</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Rigoberto Moncada et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-3940/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-3940/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-3940/egusphere-2025-3940.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-3940/egusphere-2025-3940.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Marginal ice zones are influenced by energetic oceanic motions over a range of scales, including forcing due to surface waves and (sub-)mesoscale eddies. While the role of waves in breaking sea ice has been well recognized, the influence of ocean eddies in the fracturing process remains less explored. This work considers simulations of a landfast sea ice pack represented by a bonded Discrete Element Model (LS-DEM-BPM) and forced by eddying ocean currents generated by a quasi-geostrophic model. These experiments reveal that ocean eddies can generate realistic fracture patterns and floe size distributions (FSDs). For the same amount of eddy kinetic energy, ocean currents with a larger characteristic eddy size penetrate deeper into the pack and fracture more floes. This creates floe distributions with a slightly higher FSD slope as compared to forcing by smaller eddy length scales. On the other hand, stronger bonds between the DEM elements lead to less breakage and a notably shallower FSD. These results are qualitatively consistent with an analytical model of the fracturing process, which provides an upper limit to the expected breakage area. These insights may help formulate more comprehensive parameterizations of breakage within coarse and continuum-based sea ice models.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="24"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Army Research Office</funding-source>
<award-id>W911NF-19-1-0245</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>National Science Foundation</funding-source>
<award-id>JEA.NSFCMMIECI-1-NSF.2033779</award-id>
<award-id>NSF-OCE 1829969</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs3">
<funding-source>Office of Naval Research</funding-source>
<award-id>N00014-19-1-2421</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs4">
<funding-source>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</funding-source>
<award-id>DE-AC52-07NA27344</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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