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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2025-2810</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Spatiotemporal Recurrence Pattern of Earth&amp;rsquo;s Polar Cap Variation During Geomagnetic Storms</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Oludehinwa</surname>
<given-names>Irewola Aaron</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2308-1934</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Olusola</surname>
<given-names>Olasunkanmi Isaac</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Velichko</surname>
<given-names>Andrei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Anoke-Uzosike</surname>
<given-names>Rose</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physics, Caleb University, Lagos, Nigeria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Physics and Technology, Petrozavodsk State University, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA), Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>07</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2025</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>17</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Irewola Aaron Oludehinwa et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-2810/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-2810/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-2810/egusphere-2025-2810.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-2810/egusphere-2025-2810.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This study examined the recurrence patterns of Earth&apos;s polar cap activities in response to various geomagnetic storm intensities. Time series data of polar cap indices (PCN and PCS) for great storm, severe storm, strong storm, moderate storm, and weak storm events were analysed. Nonlinear dynamics tools, including Recurrence Plot (RP), Recurrence Rate (RR), and Length of Diagonal Line (L), were applied to the polar cap variations to identify the recurring patterns associated with the various categories of geomagnetic storms. The RP, RR, and L effectively captured the distinct recurrence features in the PCN and PCS variations across different storm categories. During great storms, severe storms, and strong geomagnetic storms, the RPs unveils a strong deterministic structure for both PCN and PCS variations, whereas moderate and weak storms showed a rare deterministic structure of RP. Similarly, RR and L values were high during great storms, severe storms, and strong storms, however these indicators significantly decline during moderate and weak storms. These findings indicates that the recurrence density and deterministic behaviour in the polar cap activities, intensify with increased solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="17"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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