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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2025-2740</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Reviews and syntheses: Carbon vs. cation based MRV of Enhanced Rock Weathering and the issue of soil organic carbon</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bijma</surname>
<given-names>Jelle</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4371-1438</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hagens</surname>
<given-names>Mathilde</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3980-1043</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hammes</surname>
<given-names>Jens</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4502-3789</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Planavsky</surname>
<given-names>Noah</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pogge von Strandmann</surname>
<given-names>Philip A. E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Reershemius</surname>
<given-names>Tom</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3512-6693</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Reinhard</surname>
<given-names>Christopher T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Renforth</surname>
<given-names>Phil</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Suhrhoff</surname>
<given-names>Tim Jesper</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7934-7159</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vicca</surname>
<given-names>Sara</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9812-5837</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vienne</surname>
<given-names>Arthur</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0690-2481</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wolf-Gladrow</surname>
<given-names>Dieter A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Marine Biogeosciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, D-27570  Bremerhaven, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Soil Chemistry Group, Wageningen University &amp; Research, Wageningen, Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Carbon Drawdown Initiative Carbdown GmbH, Fürth, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Mainz Geochemistry and Isotope Centre (MIGHTY), Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55122 Mainz, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>London Geochemistry and Isotope Centre (LOGIC), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LB, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0340, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>Biobased Sustainability Engineering (SUSTAIN), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020  Antwerp, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>19</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2025</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>29</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Jelle Bijma et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-2740/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-2740/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-2740/egusphere-2025-2740.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-2740/egusphere-2025-2740.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>We discuss the &amp;ldquo;monitoring, reporting &amp;amp; verification&amp;rdquo; (MRV) strategy of Enhanced Weathering (EW) based on carbon accounting and argue that in open systems such as arable land, this approach is ill-suited to close the balance of all carbon fluxes. We argue for total alkalinity (TA) as the central parameter for the carbon based MRV of EW. However, we also stress that tracking alkalinity fluxes using a systems-level approach is best done by focusing on charge balance maintenance through time. We start by explaining the concept and history of alkalinity conceptualization for the oceans. The same analytical method first proposed for the oceans &amp;ndash; titration with a strong acid &amp;ndash; is now commonly used for porewaters in agricultural soils. We explain why this is an accurate analysis for ocean water and why it is unsuitable to record TA for porewaters in agricultural soils. We then introduce an alternative MRV based on cation accounting. This requires translation of &quot;carbon currency&quot; into &quot;cation currency&quot; based on the concept of the &quot;explicit conservative expression of total alkalinity&quot; (Wolf-Gladrow et al., 2007). We finally discuss the fate of cations released from the weathering of basalt, soil cation dynamics and close by suggesting open research questions.</p>
</abstract>
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