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<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2025-1380</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>OpenBench: a land models evaluation system</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wei</surname>
<given-names>Zhongwang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>Qingchen</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4758-8994</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bai</surname>
<given-names>Fan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>Xionghui</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wei</surname>
<given-names>Zixin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dong</surname>
<given-names>Wenzong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liang</surname>
<given-names>Hongbin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wei</surname>
<given-names>Nan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lu</surname>
<given-names>Xingjie</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3732-1978</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Lu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Shupeng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yuan</surname>
<given-names>Hua</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Laibo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dai</surname>
<given-names>Yongjiu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen  University, Guangzhou, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>01</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2025</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>37</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Zhongwang Wei et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-1380/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-1380/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-1380/egusphere-2025-1380.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-1380/egusphere-2025-1380.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Recent Land surface models (LSMs) have evolved significantly in complexity and resolution, requiring comprehensive evaluation systems to assess their performance. This paper introduces The &lt;strong&gt;Open&lt;/strong&gt; Source Land Surface Model &lt;strong&gt;Bench&lt;/strong&gt;marking System (&lt;strong&gt;OpenBench&lt;/strong&gt;), an open-source, cross-platform benchmarking system designed to evaluate the state-of-the-art LSMs. OpenBench addresses significant limitations in the current evaluation frameworks by integrating processes that encompass human activities, facilitating arbitrary spatiotemporal resolutions, and offering comprehensive visualization capabilities. The system utilizes various metrics and normalized scoring indices, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of different aspects of model performance. Key features include automation for managing multiple reference datasets, advanced data processing capabilities, and support for station-based and gridded data evaluations. By examining case studies on river discharge, urban heat flux, and agricultural modeling, we illustrate OpenBench&apos;s ability to identify the strengths and limitations of models across different spatiotemporal scales and processes. The system&apos;s modular architecture enables seamless integration of new models, variables, and evaluation metrics, ensuring adaptability to emerging research needs. OpenBench provides the research community with a standardized, extensible framework for model assessment and improvement. Its comprehensive evaluation capabilities and efficient computational architecture make it a valuable tool for both model development and operational applications in various fields.</p>
</abstract>
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