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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2025-1148</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>QBOi El Ni&amp;ntilde;o Southern Oscillation experiments: Teleconnections of the QBO</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Naoe</surname>
<given-names>Hiroaki</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Garcia-Franco</surname>
<given-names>Jorge L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Park</surname>
<given-names>Chang-Hyun</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1950-3279</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rodrigo</surname>
<given-names>Mario</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1056-7740</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Palmeiro</surname>
<given-names>Froila M.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4120-6174</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Serva</surname>
<given-names>Federico</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7118-0817</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Taguchi</surname>
<given-names>Masakazu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yoshida</surname>
<given-names>Kohei</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2422-5584</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Anstey</surname>
<given-names>James A.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6366-8647</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Garcia-Serrano</surname>
<given-names>Javier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Son</surname>
<given-names>Seok-Woo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2982-9501</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kawatani</surname>
<given-names>Yoshio</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3260-8830</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Butchart</surname>
<given-names>Neal</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hamilton</surname>
<given-names>Kevin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3560-8097</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Chih-Chieh</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Glanville</surname>
<given-names>Anne</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kerzenmacher</surname>
<given-names>Tobias</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-0539</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lott</surname>
<given-names>Francois</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
<sup>15</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Orbe</surname>
<given-names>Clara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
<sup>16</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Osprey</surname>
<given-names>Scott</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8751-1211</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
<sup>17</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Park</surname>
<given-names>Mijeong</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3881-3763</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Richter</surname>
<given-names>Jadwiga H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Versick</surname>
<given-names>Stefan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Watanabe</surname>
<given-names>Shingo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
<sup>18</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Tsukuba, 305-0052, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>National School of Earth Sciences (Escuela Nacional de Ciencias de la Tierra), UNAM, CDMX, 04510, Mexico</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Group of Meteorology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Bologna, 40127, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISMAR), 00133, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Department of Earth Science, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, 448-0001, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, V8N 1V8, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>Met Office, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>12</label>
<addr-line>International Pacific Research Center (IPCC) University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 96822, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff13">
<label>13</label>
<addr-line>U. S. National Science Foundation National Center for Atmospheric Research (NSF NCAR), Boulder, 80305, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff14">
<label>14</label>
<addr-line>Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff15">
<label>15</label>
<addr-line>Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, 75231, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff16">
<label>16</label>
<addr-line>National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New York, 10025,  USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff17">
<label>17</label>
<addr-line>Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff18">
<label>18</label>
<addr-line>Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, 236-0001, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>26</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2025</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>36</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Hiroaki Naoe et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-1148/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-1148/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-1148/egusphere-2025-1148.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-1148/egusphere-2025-1148.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This study examines Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) teleconnections and their modulation by the El Ni&amp;ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), using a multi-model ensemble of the Atmospheric Processes And their Role in Climate (APARC) QBO initiative (QBOi) models. Some difficulties arise in examining observed QBO-ENSO teleconnections from distinguishing the QBO and ENSO influences outside of the QBO region, due to aliasing between the QBO and ENSO over the historical record. To separate the QBO and ENSO signals, simulations are conducted with annually-repeating prescribed sea-surface temperatures corresponding to idealized El Ni&amp;ntilde;o or La Nina conditions (QBOi EN and LN experiments, respectively). In the Arctic winter climate, higher frequencies of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are found in EN than LN. The frequency differences in SSW between QBO westerly (QBO-W) and QBO easterly (QBO-E) are indistinguishable, suggesting that the polar vortex responses to the QBO are much weaker than those to the ENSO in these models. The Asia-Pacific subtropical jet (APJ) shifts significantly equatorward during QBO-W compared to QBO-E in observations, while the APJ-shift is not robust across models, regardless of the ENSO phases. In the tropics, these experiments do not show a robust or coherent QBO influence on precipitation. The sign and spatial pattern of the precipitation response vary widely across models and experiments, indicating that any potential QBO signal is strongly modulated by the prevailing phases of the ENSO. The QBO teleconnection to the Walker circulation around boreal summer/autumn is investigated to identify the strongest signal in each model. It is found that the upper-level westerly and lower-level easterly anomalies in the equatorial troposphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific are detected in the observations and most models in the La Nina year. Overall, the QBO can modulate the zonal circulation over the tropical Indian-Pacific oceans, with its impact varying depending on the ENSO phase.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="36"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Japan Society for the Promotion of Science</funding-source>
<award-id>JP22H04493</award-id>
<award-id>JP24K07140</award-id>
<award-id>JP24K00710</award-id>
<award-id>JP22K18743</award-id>
<award-id>JP22H01303</award-id>
<award-id>JP23K22574</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<back>
</back>
</article>