<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" specific-use="SMUR" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2024-3824</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Implementation of Water Tracers in the Met Office Unified Model</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>McLaren</surname>
<given-names>Alison J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sime</surname>
<given-names>Louise C.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9093-7926</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wilson</surname>
<given-names>Simon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ridley</surname>
<given-names>Jeff</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gao</surname>
<given-names>Qinggang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gorguner</surname>
<given-names>Merve</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6412-9645</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Line</surname>
<given-names>Giorgia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Werner</surname>
<given-names>Martin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6473-0243</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Valdes</surname>
<given-names>Paul</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1902-3283</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Ice Dynamics and Palaeoclimate, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, U.K.</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Computational Modelling Service, University of Reading, U.K.</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, U.K.</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, U.K.</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>12</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2025</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>25</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Alison J. McLaren et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2024-3824/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2024-3824/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2024-3824/egusphere-2024-3824.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2024-3824/egusphere-2024-3824.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>There is an increasing need to understand how water is cycled and transported within the atmosphere to aid water management. Here, atmospheric water tracers are added to the Met Office Unified Model (UM) to allow tracking of water within the model. This requires the implementation of water tracers in the following parts of the model code: large-scale advection, surface evaporation, boundary layer mixing, large-scale precipitation (microphysics), large-scale clouds, stochastic physics and convection. A single water tracer is found to track all water in the model to a high degree of accuracy during a 35-year simulation; the differences are typically less than 10&lt;sup&gt;-16&lt;/sup&gt; kg kg&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;at the end of every timestep, prior to a very small adjustment to prevent the build up of numerical error. The increase in computing time for each water tracer is between 3.1 and 3.8 % depending on the model resolution. The model development is tested by using the water tracers to find the sources of precipitation in a historical UM simulation. As expected, the majority of precipitation is found to be sourced directly from the ocean, with the recycling of water over land becoming increasingly important downwind across continents. The UM results for the mean evaporative source properties of precipitation are comparable to those of the ECHAM6 atmospheric model, with some interesting local differences over Antarctica, Greenland and the Indian monsoon region. Finally, the components of the model&amp;rsquo;s global hydrological cycle that can be derived from the water tracers are presented to illustrate the additional information that can be provided from the new development.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="25"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Horizon 2020</funding-source>
<award-id>820970</award-id>
<award-id>955750</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Natural Environment Research Council</funding-source>
<award-id>NE/Y006178/1</award-id>
<award-id>NE/X009386/1</award-id>
<award-id>NE/X009319/1</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>