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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2024-608</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>On the calculation of single-scattering properties of frozen droplets and frozen droplet aggregates observed in deep convective clouds</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>Jeonggyu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Park</surname>
<given-names>Sungmin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>McFarquhar</surname>
<given-names>Greg Michael</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0950-0135</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Baran</surname>
<given-names>Anthony J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cha</surname>
<given-names>Joo Wan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4014-6093</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Kyoungmi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Seoung Soo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8405-170X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jung</surname>
<given-names>Chang Hoon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lim</surname>
<given-names>Kyo-Sun Sunny</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Um</surname>
<given-names>Junshik</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-9043</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>BK21 School of Earth and Environmental Systems, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Cooperative Institute for Severe and High Impact Weather Research and Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman,  Oklahoma, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>School of Physics, Astronomy, Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Observation-Based Research, Met Office, Devon, Exeter, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Meteorological Applied Research Department, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Seogwipo, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Department of Health Management, Kyungin Women’s University, Incheon, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Center for Atmospheric Remote Sensing, Kyungpook National University, Daegu,  Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>14</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2024</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2024 Jeonggyu Kim et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-608/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-608/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-608/egusphere-2024-608.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-608/egusphere-2024-608.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>During multiple field campaigns, small quasi-spherical ice crystals, commonly referred to as frozen droplets (FDs), and their aggregates (frozen droplet aggregates (FDAs)), have been identified as the predominant habits in the upper regions of deep convective clouds (DCCs) and their associated anvils. These findings highlight the significance of FDs and FDAs for understanding the microphysics and radiative properties of DCCs. Despite the prevalence of FDs and FDAs at the tops of DCCs where they directly contribute to cloud radiative forcing, the detailed single-scattering properties (e.g., scattering-phase function &lt;em&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; and asymmetry parameter &lt;em&gt;g&lt;/em&gt;) of FDs and FDAs remain highly uncertain. This uncertainty is mainly due to insufficient in situ measurements and the resolution of cloud probes, which hinder the development of idealized shape models for FDs and FDAs. In this study, two shape models, the Gaussian random sphere (GS) and droxtal (DX), are proposed as possible representations for the shapes of in-situ measured FDs and FDAs. A total of 120 individual models of GSs and 129 models of DXs were generated by varying their shapes. Furthermore, by attaching these individual models in both homogeneous or heterogeneous manners, three different types and a total of 315 models of FDAs were created: (1) aggregates of GSs; (2) aggregates of DXs; and (3) combinations of GSs and DXs which are called habit mixtures (HMs). The &lt;em&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;g&lt;/em&gt; of the developed models were calculated using a geometric optics method at a wavelength of 0.80 &amp;mu;m and then compared with those obtained using a Polar Nephelometer (PN) during the CIRCLE&amp;minus;2 field campaign to assess the models. Both individual component ice crystals (i.e., either GS or DX) and homogeneous component aggregates (i.e., either aggregates of GSs or aggregates of DXs) showed substantial differences compared with the PN measurements, whereas the &lt;em&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; of the HMs was found to match most accurately the in situ measured &lt;em&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, reducing the differences to 0.87 %, 0.88 %, and 5.37 % in the forward, lateral, and backward scattering regions, respectively. The &lt;em&gt;g&lt;/em&gt; of the HMs was found to be 0.80 which falls within the range of the PN measurement (0.78 &amp;plusmn; 0.04). The root mean square error for the HM was minimized to a value of 0.0427. It was shown that the novel HMs developed in this study demonstrated better performance than in previous research where HMs were developed indirectly by weighting the calculated &lt;em&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; of shape models to interpret in situ measurement. The result of this study carries important implications for enhancing the calculation of single-scattering properties of DCCs.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="26"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Research Foundation of Korea</funding-source>
<award-id>NRF-2020R1A2C1013278</award-id>
<award-id>NRF-2023R1A2C1002367</award-id>
<award-id>NRF-2020R1A6A1A03044834</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Korea Meteorological Administration</funding-source>
<award-id>NRF-2020R1A6A1A03044834</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs3">
<funding-source>National Science Foundation</funding-source>
<award-id>1842094</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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