<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" specific-use="SMUR" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2024-2636</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>The Critical Number and Size of Precipitation Embryos to Accelerate Warm Rain Initiation</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lim</surname>
<given-names>Jung-Sub</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2861-0009</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Noh</surname>
<given-names>Yign</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Hyunho</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7772-5400</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hoffmann</surname>
<given-names>Fabian</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5136-0653</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Meteorologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>29</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2024</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>22</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2024 Jung-Sub Lim et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-2636/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-2636/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-2636/egusphere-2024-2636.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-2636/egusphere-2024-2636.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Understanding warm rain initiation through droplet collision and coalescence is a fundamental yet complex challenge in cloud microphysics. Although it is well-known that sufficiently large droplets, so-called precipitation embryos (PEs), may accelerate droplet collisions, it is uncertain how many and how large these PEs should be to affect rain initiation substantially. We address this question using an ensemble of box simulations with Lagrangian cloud microphysics. We found that the warm rain initiation is substantially accelerated only if the PE size or number (or the product of those) exceeds a critical threshold necessary to compensate for the PE-induced suppression of collisions among non-PEs. The sensitivity of this threshold to the shape of the droplet size distribution and turbulence effects on the collision process is analyzed. It is shown that more and larger PEs are needed when collisions are already efficient without PEs. Beyond increasing our fundamental understanding of the precipitation process in warm clouds, our results may help to constrain the effect of PE-like particles intentionally or unintentionally added in geoengineering approaches, such as rain enhancement or marine cloud brightening.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="22"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft</funding-source>
<award-id>HO 6588/1-1</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Korea Meteorological Administration</funding-source>
<award-id>KMI2021-01512</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs3">
<funding-source>National Research Foundation of Korea</funding-source>
<award-id>2021R1F1A1051121</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>