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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2024-2421</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Vertical profiles and surface distributions of trace gases (CO, O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, NO, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) in the Arctic wintertime boundary layer using low-cost sensors during ALPACA-2022</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Barret</surname>
<given-names>Brice</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Medina</surname>
<given-names>Patrice</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brett</surname>
<given-names>Natalie</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4956-1046</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pohorsky</surname>
<given-names>Roman</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Law</surname>
<given-names>Kathy</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4479-903X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bekki</surname>
<given-names>Slimane</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-0800</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fochesatto</surname>
<given-names>Gilberto J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schmale</surname>
<given-names>Julia</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-7962</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Arnold</surname>
<given-names>Steve</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Baccarini</surname>
<given-names>Andrea</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4614-247X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Busetto</surname>
<given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cesler-Maloney</surname>
<given-names>Meeta</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>D'Anna</surname>
<given-names>Barbara</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8915-4097</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Decesari</surname>
<given-names>Stefano</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6486-3786</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mao</surname>
<given-names>Jingqiu</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4774-9751</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pappaccogli</surname>
<given-names>Gianluca</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Savarino</surname>
<given-names>Joel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Scoto</surname>
<given-names>Federico</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Simpson</surname>
<given-names>William R.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8596-7290</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Laboratoire d’Aérologie, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse - CNRS, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Sorbonne Université/Université de Versailles Saint Quentin/CNRS</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1950 Sion, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska USA 99775</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>CNR-ISAC, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, IT 40129, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Aix-Marseille Université - Campus Marseille Centre, BATIMENT DE CHIMIE,3 Place Victor Hugo, Marseille, 13003</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>CNR-ISAC, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Lecce, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), UMR 5001, Grenoble 38041, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2024</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>36</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2024 Brice Barret et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-2421/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-2421/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-2421/egusphere-2024-2421.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-2421/egusphere-2024-2421.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Electrochemical gas sensors (EGSs) have been used to measure the surface distributions and vertical profiles of trace gases in the wintertime Arctic Boundary Layer during the Alaskan Layered Pollution and Chemical Analysis (ALPACA) field experiment in Fairbanks, Alaska in January&amp;ndash;February 2022. The MICRO sensors for MEasurements of GASes (MICROMEGAS) instrument set up with CO, NO, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;3 &lt;/sub&gt;EGSs was operated on the ground at an outdoor reference site downtown Fairbanks for calibration, onboard a vehicle moving through the city and its surroundings and onboard a tethered balloon, the Helikite, at a site at the edge of the city. To calibrate the measurements, a set of machine learning (ML) calibration methods were tested. For each method, learning and prediction were performed with coincident MICROMEGAS and reference analyser measurements at the downtown site. For CO, the calibration parameters provided by the manufacturer led to the best agreement between the EGS and the reference analyser and no ML method was needed for calibration. The correlation coefficient R is 0.82 and the slope of the linear regression between MICROMEGAS and reference data is 1.12. The mean bias is not significant but the Root Mean Square Error (290 ppbv) is rather large because of CO concentrations reaching several ppmv downtown Fairbanks. For NO, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, the best agreements for the prediction datasets were obtained with an artificial neural network, the Multi-Layer Perceptron. For these 3 gases, the correlation coefficients are higher than 0.95 and the slopes of linear regressions with the reference data are in the range 0.93&amp;ndash;1.04. The mean biases which are 1&amp;plusmn;3 ppbv, 0&amp;plusmn;4 ppbv and 3&amp;plusmn;12 ppbv for NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and NO respectively are not significant. Measurements from the car round of January 21 are presented to highlight the ability of MICROMEGAS to quantify the surface variability of the target trace gases in Fairbanks and the surrounding hills. MICROMEGAS flew 11 times from the ground up to a maximum of 350 m a.g.l. onboard the Helikite at the site at the edge of the city. The statistics performed over the Helikite MICROMEGAS dataset show that the median vertical gas profiles are characterised by almost constant mixing ratios. The median values over the vertical are 140, 8, 4 and 32 ppbv for CO, NO, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;. Extreme values are detected with low O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and high NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and NO concentrations between 100 and 150 m a.g.l. O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; minimum levels (5&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;th&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; percentile) of 5 ppbv coincident with NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; maximum levels (95&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;th&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; percentile) of 40 ppbv occur around 200 m a.g.l. The peaks aloft are linked to pollution plumes originating from Fairbanks power plants such as documented with the flight of February 20.</p>
</abstract>
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<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Agence Nationale de la Recherche</funding-source>
<award-id>ANR-21-CE01-0017</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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