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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2024-1362</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Water masses in the Atlantic Ocean: water mass ages and ventilation</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Mian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tanhua</surname>
<given-names>Toste</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0313-2557</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361021, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Biogeochemistry, Chemical Oceanography, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2024</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>33</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2024 Mian Liu</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-1362/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-1362/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-1362/egusphere-2024-1362.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-1362/egusphere-2024-1362.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The distribution of oceanic water masses and their properties, such as ventilation constitute fundamental parameters, for instance, the thermohaline circulation patterns and biogeochemical processes in the marine systems.&amp;nbsp; The distributions of main water masses in the Atlantic Ocean have been comprehensively documented in a companion study (Liu and Tanhua, 2021), this&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;study presents quantitative assessments of water mass age characteristics and ventilation time scales through multi-tracer analysis incorporating chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12), sulfur hexafluoride (SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;), and argon-39 (&lt;sup&gt;39&lt;/sup&gt;Ar). Here we use two distinct age concepts: mean-age as an integrative metric of water mass chronology, and mode-age as a proxy for advective time scales. Empirical results demonstrate systematic age progression with increasing pressure and along water mass trajectories.&amp;nbsp; Surface layer central waters exhibit mean ages up to ~100 years and mode ages reaching ~30 years. In the intermediate layer, meridional age gradients characterize the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) reaching maximum mean-age (~300 years) and mode-age (~80 years) at 30 &amp;deg;N, whereas zonal variations manifest in Mediterranean Water (MW) with peak values (~400 years in mean-age, ~100 years in mode-age) observed in equatorial regions. As the dominant deep water component, North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) exhibits extreme ages in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) region at 50&amp;deg;S, achieving mean age ~600 years and mode age ~100 years. Bottom layer water masses display their oldest signatures:&amp;nbsp; Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) from the Weddell Sea reaches ~600 years (mean) and ~100 years (mode) at equatorial latitudes, while its extension, Northeast Atlantic Bottom Water (NEABW), attains exceptional values of ~800 years (mean) and ~120 years (mode) at 50&amp;deg;N. The age analysis reveals significant basin-scale asymmetries, with eastern basins exhibiting younger ages compared to western counterparts.&amp;nbsp; Ventilation efficiency modulates these age distributions, as evidenced by lower mode-ages and reduced apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) in better-ventilated western basins.&amp;nbsp; The calculated oxygen utilization rate (OUR) demonstrates spatial concordance with dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, corroborating enhanced oxidative processes in high-oxygen regimes. This integrated age framework provides novel insights into water mass ventilation dynamics and their biogeochemical implications through quantitative characterization of temporal-spatial age distributions across multiple oceanographic provinces.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key words: &lt;/strong&gt;Water Mass, Atlantic Ocean, Transient Tracer, Mean- and Mode-age, Ventilation, GLODAPv2 data product</p>
</abstract>
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