Acquiring high-resolution wind measurements by modifying radiosonde sounding procedures

Faber, Jens; Gerding, Michael; Köpnick, Torsten

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-510

Preprints

https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-510

Preprints

21 Mar 2023

| 21 Mar 2023

Acquiring high-resolution wind measurements by modifying radiosonde sounding procedures

Jens Faber, Michael Gerding, and Torsten Köpnick

Abstract. High-resolved wind measurements are crucial for the understanding of dynamic processes in the atmosphere. In the troposphere and lower stratosphere, radiosondes provide a good spatial resolution of a few meters, but the wind data are usually low-pass filtered by the manufacturer in order to suppress disturbances caused by spurious motions of the sonde. As an example, the filter within the standard processing of Vaisala radiosondes becomes effective at vertical scales below 300 m for an ascent rate of 5 ms^-1.

We describe a method for increasing the usable resolution of radiosonde wind measurements. The main ideas are to avoid self-induced motions of the balloon by keeping it in the sub-critical Reynolds number range, to avoid typical pendulum motions of 15 s period by using a shorter rope, and to use data from a descending balloon in order to avoid disturbances from the wake of the balloon on temperature and humidity measurements due to the decreased rope length. We demonstrate that our changes in hardware and software allow for artifact free wind data down to scales of 50 m, while remaining disturbances on even smaller scales are removed. Accordingly, the usable resolution of the wind data has been increased by a factor of six compared to the standard data output at comparatively low cost.

Received: 20 Mar 2023 – Discussion started: 21 Mar 2023

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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.

Journal article(s) based on this preprint

19 Sep 2023

Acquiring high-resolution wind measurements by modifying radiosonde sounding procedures

Jens Faber, Michael Gerding, and Torsten Köpnick

Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4183–4193, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4183-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4183-2023, 2023

Short summary

Jens Faber et al.

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-510', Anonymous Referee #1, 19 Apr 2023

Review of “Acquiring high-resolution wind measurements by modifying radiosonde sounding procedures” by Faber et al.
Summary:
The manuscript by Faber et al. addresses the vertical resolution of horizontal wind measurements using radiosonde measurements. The operational processing of soundings applies wide filters that reduce the effective vertical resolution to about 300 m. The authors propose several changes to sounding operations, which allow increasing the vertical resolution to about 50 m. They consider the self-induced motion of the balloon in the critical and supercritical flow regimes around the balloon, the pendulum motion of the radiosonde under the balloon, and how to minimize the negative effects their solution could have on measurements of temperature and humidity.
The manuscript is well written, the problem is clearly introduced and described, and the results are well discussed. In particular, the authors discuss the operational costs for each of their solutions, which provide good guidance to those interested in implementing some of their solutions.
I recommend publication of this manuscript after the technical corrections have been implemented, which are mostly a clarification or minor correction of language.

Technical comments:
Line 2: Change “spatial” to “vertical”.
Line 23: Delete “measurement”.
Line 35f: Change semicolons to commas: “… as performed by Norman and McKeon (e.g. 2011), Taneda (e.g. 1978), and Achenbach (e.g. 1974).”
Line 77: Change “will not be discussed further” to “are not relevant here”.
Line 86 ff: Shorten “As presented here …” to the end of the paragraph to remove the direct repetition of what was said in the introduction.
Line 117: Maybe delete “slightly roughened”. I wouldn’t call sounding balloons slightly roughened.
Line 127: “ … a rather sharp …”
Line 127: better “… 10 to 15 km altitude …”
Line 167: Delete “well”.
Line 192: Change to “… to ensure proper …”
Line 220: Delete “also”.
Line 256: Change “further” to “other”.
Line 259: Better write “Inaccuracies of the differential GPS system used on the radiosonde are another effect degrading balloon wind measurements”.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-510-RC1
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Jens Faber, 22 May 2023
  
  We are very grateful to the reviewer for the time they spend on our manuscript and for the positive approach of their comments. Furthermore, we are pleased to read that they found our approach to be useful to the science community.
  Our answers to the technical comments are listed below with citations from original reviewer comment marked by italic typesetting:
  Line 2: Change “spatial” to “vertical”.
  
  Thanks. The change has been made.
  Line 23: Delete “measurement”.
  
  The change has been made.
  Line 35f: Change semicolons to commas: “… as performed by Norman and McKeon (e.g. 2011), Taneda (e.g. 1978), and Achenbach (e.g. 1974).”
  
  The handling of references in our manuscript is governed by the Latex template provided by Copernicus. Unfortunately, the use of commas or semicolons as citation separators cannot be chosen by the user.
  Line 77: Change “will not be discussed further” to “are not relevant here”.
  
  The suggested change has been made.
  Line 86 ff: Shorten “As presented here …” to the end of the paragraph to remove the direct repetition of what was said in the introduction.
  
  Thanks for the suggestion. The deletion has been done and the beginning of the following paragraph has been amended accordingly.
  Line 117: Maybe delete “slightly roughened”. I wouldn’t call sounding balloons slightly roughened.
  
  The suggested change has been made.
  Line 127: “ … a rather sharp …”
  
  Thanks. The typo has been corrected.
  Line 127: better “… 10 to 15 km altitude …”
  
  We changed to “ … from 10 km to 15 km altitude …”.
  Line 167: Delete “well”.
  
  Thanks. The suggested change has been made.
  
  Line 192: Change to “… to ensure proper …”
  
  Thanks. The suggested change has been made.
  Line 220: Delete “also”.
  
  The deletion has been done.
  Line 256: Change “further” to “other”.
  
  Thanks. The suggested change has been made.
  Line 259: Better write “Inaccuracies of the differential GPS system used on the radiosonde are another effect degrading balloon wind measurements”.
  
  Thanks for the suggestions. The change has been made.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-510-AC1
RC2:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-510', Anonymous Referee #2, 21 Apr 2023

General
I found the manuscript interesting and useful.

The data sample, a single pair of profiles, is very small.

Have other similar tests been carried out that would increase the sample?

Are the authors confident that the results are more widely representative (and why)?

One particular aspect is the 'critical/supercritical' conditions up to ~12 km, how typical is this of ascents in mid-latitudes, and other latitudes?

At times I had questions (eg how was the descent limited to 3 m/s in the discussion of Figure 3) which are only addressed later in the manuscript.

Operational radiosonde profiles are necessarily a compromise, and the current string length of

55 m puts more weight on temperature than on wind; I think wind should be given more weight than

currently, but a string length of 20 or 25 m (with a small increase in wake effects) is more likely than 9 m. Presumably 20 or 25 m would approximately double the effective resolution of the winds 9with appropriate processing). The other 'easy' option would be to reduce average ascent rate from ~5 m/a to say ~4 m/s, how much benefit would this give?
I have seen very lightweight 'sondes' (eg https://www.skyfora.com/weather-instruments/ even lighter versions may be available in the future) that fall relatively slowly without a parachute - do you envisage that these could be useful for high-resolution wind measurements.

Detailed comments
1. 'High-resolved' - 'High-resolution' (or 'Highly-resolved') also later
3. 'suppress disturbances caused by spurious motions of the sonde'

delete 'disturbances caused by'?
8. 'shorter rope' - cord or string would be better than 'rope'

(rope is usually thicker). I suggest a global change of 'rope' in the manuscript.
14. 'Radiosondes play an important role for numerical weather prediction in the set of assimilated wind measurements (e.g. Savazzi et al., 2022).'

Savazzi et al. is an interesting paper but doesn't really show the impact of radiosondes in NWP.

A possible alternative is Lawrence et al (2019) they found that 'CONV' data (radiosondes,

aircraft* and surface; aircraft are less important in the Arctic than they are in mid-latitudes) have a large impact on Arctic forecasts, especially in winter.

For a study that separates out radiosondes you could look at Candy et al (2021).
Lawrence, H, Bormann, N, Sandu, I, Day, J, Farnan, J, Bauer, P. Use and impact of Arctic observations in the ECMWF Numerical Weather Prediction system. Q J R Meteorol Soc. 2019; 145: 3432-3454. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3628
Candy B, Cotton J and Eyre J, 2021:

Recent results of observation data denial experiments

Met Office Weather Science Technical Report 641

https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/library-and-archive/publications/science/weather-science-technical-reports

32. 'They allow to track the horizontal speed' - 'They allow tracking of the horizontal velocity'
34. 'This allows to assess' - 'This allows assessment of'
36. 'in its specefic height' - 'at each height'

37. 'for critical and supercritical flow conditions' please could you briefly explain what this means in non-technical (or minimally-technical) terms.

41. 'balloon hamper' - 'balloon reduce'? (initially I read 'hamper' as a noun)

49. 'spatial resolutions of more than a few hundred meters' - 'less than'?

56. 'critical scales' - 'small scales'?

65. '28 February 2022 from Kühlungsborn, Germany.' Please add latitude and longitude of launch.

66. 'Both launches where' - 'Both launches were'

68. 'IAP' - define

75. 'In Figure 1 we present zonal and meridional winds from both soundings'

How close are the two soundings to each other in time and space?
125. 'we find critical and supercritical flow conditions for altitudes below 12.5 km'

Is 12.5 km (approximately) the tropopause height?

Is it typical to have critical/supercritical conditions in the troposphere and subcritical conditions in the stratosphere?
Figure 3. Presumably the 'vertical balloon speed' in green is the descent speed.
Figure 4 caption. 'The black dashed line denotes the expected pendulum scale' add

'given the string length of 55 m' or similar.
170. 'As noted in the previous in Section 2.2' - 'As noted previously in Section 2.2' (or could omit 'previously').
192. 'a parachute cannot procure' - 'a parachute cannot provide'
292. 'Pendulum motions where' - 'Pendulum motions were'

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-510-RC2
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Jens Faber, 22 May 2023
  
  Overall response:
  We are grateful to the reviewer for the time they have spent on our manuscript. We are especially thankful for pointing out questions about the general validity of our findings concerning different technical and geophysical conditions. In the revised paper, we now address them in Appendix B. Our answers to the individual points raised by the reviewer are given below, with the original reviewer comment marked by italic typesetting:
  
  Response to the general comments raised:
  I found the manuscript interesting and useful.
  
  Thank you very much.
  The data sample, a single pair of profiles, is very small.
  
  Have other similar tests been carried out that would increase the sample?
  
  Yes, there are another two flights of a very similar setup. They show the same results but have been left out here for clarity. However, they have been used by for a geophysical study on kinetic helicity by Dusch et al., which is currently under revision for Physical Review Fluids.
  Are the authors confident that the results are more widely representative (and why)?
  
  We are very grateful to the reviewer for this and the following questions on the scope of our study. We added Appendix B to the manuscript, where we further discuss the issue.
  
  In our manuscript we describe general properties of the balloon flight that originate from very fundamental concepts in fluid dynamics and the pendulum motions of the sonde. Accordingly, we are confident that the results are more widely representative, because the effects shown in this study are properties of the flow around the balloon and not of the geophysical conditions. The geophysical conditions have only minor influences through changes in kinetic viscosity. However, our results are not representative of heavier payloads, which in turn lead to larger Reynolds numbers even when using the same balloon type due to the increased amount of lifting gas. As our study focuses on radiosonde soundings, we avoid discussing that in detail in order to improve readability.
  One particular aspect is the 'critical/supercritical' conditions up to ~12 km, how typical is this of ascents in mid-latitudes, and other latitudes?
  
  This is very typical for balloon soundings regardless of latitude and season. This is the case, because the ‘critical/supercritical’ conditions depend on the Reynolds number, which in turn is a function of air density as the kinematic viscosity is given as ν = μ/ρ. The exponential decay of ρ with altitude therefore has the largest influence on Re. The height difference for the critical Reynolds number of the flow around the balloon between the Equator and 50° N is only 900 m (based on CIRA-86).
  At times I had questions (eg how was the descent limited to 3 m/s in the discussion of Figure 3) which are only addressed later in the manuscript.
  
  Thank you for pointing this out. We added “For technical information on both soundings, please see Section 3.” to the discussion of Figure 3.
  Operational radiosonde profiles are necessarily a compromise, and the current string length of 55 m puts more weight on temperature than on wind; I think wind should be given more weight than currently, but a string length of 20 or 25 m (with a small increase in wake effects) is more likely than 9 m. Presumably 20 or 25 m would approximately double the effective resolution of the winds 9with appropriate processing).
  
  We like to underline that the string length has to be selected depending on purpose. A string length of 20-25 m would shift the center frequency of the pendulum motions only from 75 m to 50 m at 5 m/s. In other words, the wind data are not much improved, but the temperature and humidity data are already compromised. Therefore, for our purpose of high-resolved wind soundings, we prefer an even shorter rope that then requires downleg soundings for avoiding wake effects.
  The other 'easy' option would be to reduce average ascent rate from ~5 m/a to say ~4 m/s, how much benefit would this give?
  
  The answer to this question very much depends on the balloon size that is used. Regarding self-induced motions there is no smooth transition from distorted to non-distorted measurements. Therefore it is vital to keep the balloon in the subcritcal Re range wherever high-resolution wind soundings are required. The influence of the ascent rate and the balloon size on the height of this flow transition is discussed in appendix B of the revised manuscript.
  I have seen very lightweight 'sondes' (eg https://www.skyfora.com/weather-instruments/ even lighter versions may be available in the future) that fall relatively slowly without a parachute - do you envisage that these could be useful for high-resolution wind measurements?
  
  The skyfora sondes seem very interesting. Compared to a classical balloon based sounding setup, they will stay at subcritical Reynolds numbers even at higher descent speeds due to their small size. Also they avoid pendulum motions by design. For our study however, we focused on widely used sondes. This is also, because free-falling sondes always show a descend rate that strongly decreases with altitude due to the increasing air pressure. A constant altitude resolution can only be achieved by a descent on an underfilled balloon.
  
  We added the following paragraph to the discussion:
  
  “Recently, some very lightweight free-falling sondes appeared on the market. They avoid pendulum motions by design and their small size decreases the Reynolds number of the flow around them. However, their descent rate decreases with decreasing altitude due to its pressure dependence. These systems were not available for our study, but it might be worthwhile to compare their results to our approach in another survey.
  
  Response to the detailed comments:
  1. 'High-resolved' - 'High-resolution' (or 'Highly-resolved') also later
  
  Thanks very much for pointing this out. We changed it throughout the text.
  3. 'suppress disturbances caused by spurious motions of the sonde' delete 'disturbances caused by'?
  
  We changed the phrase to ‘disturbances on the data caused by …’.
  8. 'shorter rope' - cord or string would be better than 'rope' (rope is usually thicker). I suggest a global change of 'rope' in the manuscript.
  
  Many thanks for this comment. We changed from ‘rope’ to ‘string’ throughout the text. Also, this is in line with the terminology used by Vaisala.
  14. 'Radiosondes play an important role for numerical weather prediction in the set of assimilated wind measurements (e.g. Savazzi et al., 2022).'
  
  Savazzi et al. is an interesting paper but doesn't really show the impact of radiosondes in NWP. A possible alternative is Lawrence et al (2019) they found that 'CONV' data (radiosondes, aircraft* and surface; aircraft are less important in the Arctic than they are in mid-latitudes) have a large impact on Arctic forecasts, especially in winter.
  
  For a study that separates out radiosondes you could look at Candy et al (2021).
  
  We are grateful to the reviewer for making us aware of the Met Office report that is a better reference for our introductory sentence. We have changed the reference accordingly.
  32. 'They allow to track the horizontal speed' - 'They allow tracking of the horizontal velocity'
  
  The change has been made.
  34. 'This allows to assess' - 'This allows assessment of'
  
  The change has been made.
  36. 'in its specefic height' - 'at each height'
  
  The change has been made.
  37. 'for critical and supercritical flow conditions' please could you briefly explain what this means in non-technical (or minimally-technical) terms.
  
  Thank you for pointing this out.
  
  We changed “However, for critical and supercritical flow conditions around the balloon it is subject to lateral motions caused by nonsymmetrical flow separation around the balloon. These so-called self-induced balloon motions distort […]” to “However, for critical and supercritical flow conditions around the balloon it is subject to lateral motions. This is the case, because under these conditions, the flow will not follow the spherical shape of the balloon, but will detach from the balloon downstream of its largest circumference. This detachment is usually not perfectly symmetrical, leading to so-called self-induced horizontal motions of the balloon. They distort […]”.
  41. 'balloon hamper' - 'balloon reduce'? (initially I read 'hamper' as a noun)
  
  The suggested change has been made.
  49. 'spatial resolutions of more than a few hundred meters' - 'less than'?
  
  ”[…] spatial resolutions of more than a few hundred meters.” has been changed to ” […] spatial resolutions higher than a few hundred meters.” in order to clarify the unclear wording.
  56. 'critical scales' - 'small scales'?
  
  The suggested change has been made.
  65. '28 February 2022 from Kühlungsborn, Germany.' Please add latitude and longitude of launch.
  
  Thanks for pointing this out. We added the requested information.
  66. 'Both launches where' - 'Both launches were'
  
  Thanks, the typo has been corrected.
  68. 'IAP' - define
  
  Thanks for pointing this out. The abbreviation has been replaced by ‘our institute’.
  75. 'In Figure 1 we present zonal and meridional winds from both soundings' How close are the two soundings to each other in time and space?
  
  We changed to ‘from both soundings that were introduced above […]’ to make it clear that we refer to the two soundings that have been introduced above including launch time and place. We have not calculated the spatial distance between the profiles because the similarity of the wind profiles is more relevant than their spatio-temporal distance. Nevertheless, the negligible wind variation within the short time between launches has lead to only small spatial distances.
  125. 'we find critical and supercritical flow conditions for altitudes below 12.5 km'
  
  Is 12.5 km (approximately) the tropopause height?
  
  Is it typical to have critical/supercritical conditions in the troposphere and subcritical conditions in the stratosphere?
  
  The tropopause height for this launch was 11.1 km. For radiosonde type balloon launches at 5 m/s ascent rate, the flow condition change usually happens slightly above the tropopause. This is, because the density declines quicker with height above the troposphere, leading to a sharper decline in the Reynolds number (c.f. Figure 3). In the revised manuscript, we discuss the influence of several parameters on the height of the flow change in Appendix B. We added ‘For a discussion of the parameters influencing the height of the flow regime change, please see Appendix B.’ to the end of the paragraph.
  Figure 3. Presumably the 'vertical balloon speed' in green is the descent speed.
  
  Thanks for pointing this out. We changed the wording to ‘Absolute vertical speed’ in order to include both, the ascent and the descent profile.
  Figure 4 caption. 'The black dashed line denotes the expected pendulum scale' add 'given the string length of 55 m' or similar.
  
  Thanks. The suggested change has been made.
  170. 'As noted in the previous in Section 2.2' - 'As noted previously in Section 2.2' (or could omit 'previously').
  
  The suggested change has been made.
  192. 'a parachute cannot procure' - 'a parachute cannot provide'
  
  Thanks. The wording has been corrected.
  292. 'Pendulum motions where' - 'Pendulum motions were'
  
  Thanks. The typo has been corrected.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-510-AC2

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-510', Anonymous Referee #1, 19 Apr 2023

Review of “Acquiring high-resolution wind measurements by modifying radiosonde sounding procedures” by Faber et al.
Summary:
The manuscript by Faber et al. addresses the vertical resolution of horizontal wind measurements using radiosonde measurements. The operational processing of soundings applies wide filters that reduce the effective vertical resolution to about 300 m. The authors propose several changes to sounding operations, which allow increasing the vertical resolution to about 50 m. They consider the self-induced motion of the balloon in the critical and supercritical flow regimes around the balloon, the pendulum motion of the radiosonde under the balloon, and how to minimize the negative effects their solution could have on measurements of temperature and humidity.
The manuscript is well written, the problem is clearly introduced and described, and the results are well discussed. In particular, the authors discuss the operational costs for each of their solutions, which provide good guidance to those interested in implementing some of their solutions.
I recommend publication of this manuscript after the technical corrections have been implemented, which are mostly a clarification or minor correction of language.

Technical comments:
Line 2: Change “spatial” to “vertical”.
Line 23: Delete “measurement”.
Line 35f: Change semicolons to commas: “… as performed by Norman and McKeon (e.g. 2011), Taneda (e.g. 1978), and Achenbach (e.g. 1974).”
Line 77: Change “will not be discussed further” to “are not relevant here”.
Line 86 ff: Shorten “As presented here …” to the end of the paragraph to remove the direct repetition of what was said in the introduction.
Line 117: Maybe delete “slightly roughened”. I wouldn’t call sounding balloons slightly roughened.
Line 127: “ … a rather sharp …”
Line 127: better “… 10 to 15 km altitude …”
Line 167: Delete “well”.
Line 192: Change to “… to ensure proper …”
Line 220: Delete “also”.
Line 256: Change “further” to “other”.
Line 259: Better write “Inaccuracies of the differential GPS system used on the radiosonde are another effect degrading balloon wind measurements”.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-510-RC1
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Jens Faber, 22 May 2023
  
  We are very grateful to the reviewer for the time they spend on our manuscript and for the positive approach of their comments. Furthermore, we are pleased to read that they found our approach to be useful to the science community.
  Our answers to the technical comments are listed below with citations from original reviewer comment marked by italic typesetting:
  Line 2: Change “spatial” to “vertical”.
  
  Thanks. The change has been made.
  Line 23: Delete “measurement”.
  
  The change has been made.
  Line 35f: Change semicolons to commas: “… as performed by Norman and McKeon (e.g. 2011), Taneda (e.g. 1978), and Achenbach (e.g. 1974).”
  
  The handling of references in our manuscript is governed by the Latex template provided by Copernicus. Unfortunately, the use of commas or semicolons as citation separators cannot be chosen by the user.
  Line 77: Change “will not be discussed further” to “are not relevant here”.
  
  The suggested change has been made.
  Line 86 ff: Shorten “As presented here …” to the end of the paragraph to remove the direct repetition of what was said in the introduction.
  
  Thanks for the suggestion. The deletion has been done and the beginning of the following paragraph has been amended accordingly.
  Line 117: Maybe delete “slightly roughened”. I wouldn’t call sounding balloons slightly roughened.
  
  The suggested change has been made.
  Line 127: “ … a rather sharp …”
  
  Thanks. The typo has been corrected.
  Line 127: better “… 10 to 15 km altitude …”
  
  We changed to “ … from 10 km to 15 km altitude …”.
  Line 167: Delete “well”.
  
  Thanks. The suggested change has been made.
  
  Line 192: Change to “… to ensure proper …”
  
  Thanks. The suggested change has been made.
  Line 220: Delete “also”.
  
  The deletion has been done.
  Line 256: Change “further” to “other”.
  
  Thanks. The suggested change has been made.
  Line 259: Better write “Inaccuracies of the differential GPS system used on the radiosonde are another effect degrading balloon wind measurements”.
  
  Thanks for the suggestions. The change has been made.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-510-AC1
RC2:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-510', Anonymous Referee #2, 21 Apr 2023

General
I found the manuscript interesting and useful.

The data sample, a single pair of profiles, is very small.

Have other similar tests been carried out that would increase the sample?

Are the authors confident that the results are more widely representative (and why)?

One particular aspect is the 'critical/supercritical' conditions up to ~12 km, how typical is this of ascents in mid-latitudes, and other latitudes?

At times I had questions (eg how was the descent limited to 3 m/s in the discussion of Figure 3) which are only addressed later in the manuscript.

Operational radiosonde profiles are necessarily a compromise, and the current string length of

55 m puts more weight on temperature than on wind; I think wind should be given more weight than

currently, but a string length of 20 or 25 m (with a small increase in wake effects) is more likely than 9 m. Presumably 20 or 25 m would approximately double the effective resolution of the winds 9with appropriate processing). The other 'easy' option would be to reduce average ascent rate from ~5 m/a to say ~4 m/s, how much benefit would this give?
I have seen very lightweight 'sondes' (eg https://www.skyfora.com/weather-instruments/ even lighter versions may be available in the future) that fall relatively slowly without a parachute - do you envisage that these could be useful for high-resolution wind measurements.

Detailed comments
1. 'High-resolved' - 'High-resolution' (or 'Highly-resolved') also later
3. 'suppress disturbances caused by spurious motions of the sonde'

delete 'disturbances caused by'?
8. 'shorter rope' - cord or string would be better than 'rope'

(rope is usually thicker). I suggest a global change of 'rope' in the manuscript.
14. 'Radiosondes play an important role for numerical weather prediction in the set of assimilated wind measurements (e.g. Savazzi et al., 2022).'

Savazzi et al. is an interesting paper but doesn't really show the impact of radiosondes in NWP.

A possible alternative is Lawrence et al (2019) they found that 'CONV' data (radiosondes,

aircraft* and surface; aircraft are less important in the Arctic than they are in mid-latitudes) have a large impact on Arctic forecasts, especially in winter.

For a study that separates out radiosondes you could look at Candy et al (2021).
Lawrence, H, Bormann, N, Sandu, I, Day, J, Farnan, J, Bauer, P. Use and impact of Arctic observations in the ECMWF Numerical Weather Prediction system. Q J R Meteorol Soc. 2019; 145: 3432-3454. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3628
Candy B, Cotton J and Eyre J, 2021:

Recent results of observation data denial experiments

Met Office Weather Science Technical Report 641

https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/library-and-archive/publications/science/weather-science-technical-reports

32. 'They allow to track the horizontal speed' - 'They allow tracking of the horizontal velocity'
34. 'This allows to assess' - 'This allows assessment of'
36. 'in its specefic height' - 'at each height'

37. 'for critical and supercritical flow conditions' please could you briefly explain what this means in non-technical (or minimally-technical) terms.

41. 'balloon hamper' - 'balloon reduce'? (initially I read 'hamper' as a noun)

49. 'spatial resolutions of more than a few hundred meters' - 'less than'?

56. 'critical scales' - 'small scales'?

65. '28 February 2022 from Kühlungsborn, Germany.' Please add latitude and longitude of launch.

66. 'Both launches where' - 'Both launches were'

68. 'IAP' - define

75. 'In Figure 1 we present zonal and meridional winds from both soundings'

How close are the two soundings to each other in time and space?
125. 'we find critical and supercritical flow conditions for altitudes below 12.5 km'

Is 12.5 km (approximately) the tropopause height?

Is it typical to have critical/supercritical conditions in the troposphere and subcritical conditions in the stratosphere?
Figure 3. Presumably the 'vertical balloon speed' in green is the descent speed.
Figure 4 caption. 'The black dashed line denotes the expected pendulum scale' add

'given the string length of 55 m' or similar.
170. 'As noted in the previous in Section 2.2' - 'As noted previously in Section 2.2' (or could omit 'previously').
192. 'a parachute cannot procure' - 'a parachute cannot provide'
292. 'Pendulum motions where' - 'Pendulum motions were'

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-510-RC2
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Jens Faber, 22 May 2023
  
  Overall response:
  We are grateful to the reviewer for the time they have spent on our manuscript. We are especially thankful for pointing out questions about the general validity of our findings concerning different technical and geophysical conditions. In the revised paper, we now address them in Appendix B. Our answers to the individual points raised by the reviewer are given below, with the original reviewer comment marked by italic typesetting:
  
  Response to the general comments raised:
  I found the manuscript interesting and useful.
  
  Thank you very much.
  The data sample, a single pair of profiles, is very small.
  
  Have other similar tests been carried out that would increase the sample?
  
  Yes, there are another two flights of a very similar setup. They show the same results but have been left out here for clarity. However, they have been used by for a geophysical study on kinetic helicity by Dusch et al., which is currently under revision for Physical Review Fluids.
  Are the authors confident that the results are more widely representative (and why)?
  
  We are very grateful to the reviewer for this and the following questions on the scope of our study. We added Appendix B to the manuscript, where we further discuss the issue.
  
  In our manuscript we describe general properties of the balloon flight that originate from very fundamental concepts in fluid dynamics and the pendulum motions of the sonde. Accordingly, we are confident that the results are more widely representative, because the effects shown in this study are properties of the flow around the balloon and not of the geophysical conditions. The geophysical conditions have only minor influences through changes in kinetic viscosity. However, our results are not representative of heavier payloads, which in turn lead to larger Reynolds numbers even when using the same balloon type due to the increased amount of lifting gas. As our study focuses on radiosonde soundings, we avoid discussing that in detail in order to improve readability.
  One particular aspect is the 'critical/supercritical' conditions up to ~12 km, how typical is this of ascents in mid-latitudes, and other latitudes?
  
  This is very typical for balloon soundings regardless of latitude and season. This is the case, because the ‘critical/supercritical’ conditions depend on the Reynolds number, which in turn is a function of air density as the kinematic viscosity is given as ν = μ/ρ. The exponential decay of ρ with altitude therefore has the largest influence on Re. The height difference for the critical Reynolds number of the flow around the balloon between the Equator and 50° N is only 900 m (based on CIRA-86).
  At times I had questions (eg how was the descent limited to 3 m/s in the discussion of Figure 3) which are only addressed later in the manuscript.
  
  Thank you for pointing this out. We added “For technical information on both soundings, please see Section 3.” to the discussion of Figure 3.
  Operational radiosonde profiles are necessarily a compromise, and the current string length of 55 m puts more weight on temperature than on wind; I think wind should be given more weight than currently, but a string length of 20 or 25 m (with a small increase in wake effects) is more likely than 9 m. Presumably 20 or 25 m would approximately double the effective resolution of the winds 9with appropriate processing).
  
  We like to underline that the string length has to be selected depending on purpose. A string length of 20-25 m would shift the center frequency of the pendulum motions only from 75 m to 50 m at 5 m/s. In other words, the wind data are not much improved, but the temperature and humidity data are already compromised. Therefore, for our purpose of high-resolved wind soundings, we prefer an even shorter rope that then requires downleg soundings for avoiding wake effects.
  The other 'easy' option would be to reduce average ascent rate from ~5 m/a to say ~4 m/s, how much benefit would this give?
  
  The answer to this question very much depends on the balloon size that is used. Regarding self-induced motions there is no smooth transition from distorted to non-distorted measurements. Therefore it is vital to keep the balloon in the subcritcal Re range wherever high-resolution wind soundings are required. The influence of the ascent rate and the balloon size on the height of this flow transition is discussed in appendix B of the revised manuscript.
  I have seen very lightweight 'sondes' (eg https://www.skyfora.com/weather-instruments/ even lighter versions may be available in the future) that fall relatively slowly without a parachute - do you envisage that these could be useful for high-resolution wind measurements?
  
  The skyfora sondes seem very interesting. Compared to a classical balloon based sounding setup, they will stay at subcritical Reynolds numbers even at higher descent speeds due to their small size. Also they avoid pendulum motions by design. For our study however, we focused on widely used sondes. This is also, because free-falling sondes always show a descend rate that strongly decreases with altitude due to the increasing air pressure. A constant altitude resolution can only be achieved by a descent on an underfilled balloon.
  
  We added the following paragraph to the discussion:
  
  “Recently, some very lightweight free-falling sondes appeared on the market. They avoid pendulum motions by design and their small size decreases the Reynolds number of the flow around them. However, their descent rate decreases with decreasing altitude due to its pressure dependence. These systems were not available for our study, but it might be worthwhile to compare their results to our approach in another survey.
  
  Response to the detailed comments:
  1. 'High-resolved' - 'High-resolution' (or 'Highly-resolved') also later
  
  Thanks very much for pointing this out. We changed it throughout the text.
  3. 'suppress disturbances caused by spurious motions of the sonde' delete 'disturbances caused by'?
  
  We changed the phrase to ‘disturbances on the data caused by …’.
  8. 'shorter rope' - cord or string would be better than 'rope' (rope is usually thicker). I suggest a global change of 'rope' in the manuscript.
  
  Many thanks for this comment. We changed from ‘rope’ to ‘string’ throughout the text. Also, this is in line with the terminology used by Vaisala.
  14. 'Radiosondes play an important role for numerical weather prediction in the set of assimilated wind measurements (e.g. Savazzi et al., 2022).'
  
  Savazzi et al. is an interesting paper but doesn't really show the impact of radiosondes in NWP. A possible alternative is Lawrence et al (2019) they found that 'CONV' data (radiosondes, aircraft* and surface; aircraft are less important in the Arctic than they are in mid-latitudes) have a large impact on Arctic forecasts, especially in winter.
  
  For a study that separates out radiosondes you could look at Candy et al (2021).
  
  We are grateful to the reviewer for making us aware of the Met Office report that is a better reference for our introductory sentence. We have changed the reference accordingly.
  32. 'They allow to track the horizontal speed' - 'They allow tracking of the horizontal velocity'
  
  The change has been made.
  34. 'This allows to assess' - 'This allows assessment of'
  
  The change has been made.
  36. 'in its specefic height' - 'at each height'
  
  The change has been made.
  37. 'for critical and supercritical flow conditions' please could you briefly explain what this means in non-technical (or minimally-technical) terms.
  
  Thank you for pointing this out.
  
  We changed “However, for critical and supercritical flow conditions around the balloon it is subject to lateral motions caused by nonsymmetrical flow separation around the balloon. These so-called self-induced balloon motions distort […]” to “However, for critical and supercritical flow conditions around the balloon it is subject to lateral motions. This is the case, because under these conditions, the flow will not follow the spherical shape of the balloon, but will detach from the balloon downstream of its largest circumference. This detachment is usually not perfectly symmetrical, leading to so-called self-induced horizontal motions of the balloon. They distort […]”.
  41. 'balloon hamper' - 'balloon reduce'? (initially I read 'hamper' as a noun)
  
  The suggested change has been made.
  49. 'spatial resolutions of more than a few hundred meters' - 'less than'?
  
  ”[…] spatial resolutions of more than a few hundred meters.” has been changed to ” […] spatial resolutions higher than a few hundred meters.” in order to clarify the unclear wording.
  56. 'critical scales' - 'small scales'?
  
  The suggested change has been made.
  65. '28 February 2022 from Kühlungsborn, Germany.' Please add latitude and longitude of launch.
  
  Thanks for pointing this out. We added the requested information.
  66. 'Both launches where' - 'Both launches were'
  
  Thanks, the typo has been corrected.
  68. 'IAP' - define
  
  Thanks for pointing this out. The abbreviation has been replaced by ‘our institute’.
  75. 'In Figure 1 we present zonal and meridional winds from both soundings' How close are the two soundings to each other in time and space?
  
  We changed to ‘from both soundings that were introduced above […]’ to make it clear that we refer to the two soundings that have been introduced above including launch time and place. We have not calculated the spatial distance between the profiles because the similarity of the wind profiles is more relevant than their spatio-temporal distance. Nevertheless, the negligible wind variation within the short time between launches has lead to only small spatial distances.
  125. 'we find critical and supercritical flow conditions for altitudes below 12.5 km'
  
  Is 12.5 km (approximately) the tropopause height?
  
  Is it typical to have critical/supercritical conditions in the troposphere and subcritical conditions in the stratosphere?
  
  The tropopause height for this launch was 11.1 km. For radiosonde type balloon launches at 5 m/s ascent rate, the flow condition change usually happens slightly above the tropopause. This is, because the density declines quicker with height above the troposphere, leading to a sharper decline in the Reynolds number (c.f. Figure 3). In the revised manuscript, we discuss the influence of several parameters on the height of the flow change in Appendix B. We added ‘For a discussion of the parameters influencing the height of the flow regime change, please see Appendix B.’ to the end of the paragraph.
  Figure 3. Presumably the 'vertical balloon speed' in green is the descent speed.
  
  Thanks for pointing this out. We changed the wording to ‘Absolute vertical speed’ in order to include both, the ascent and the descent profile.
  Figure 4 caption. 'The black dashed line denotes the expected pendulum scale' add 'given the string length of 55 m' or similar.
  
  Thanks. The suggested change has been made.
  170. 'As noted in the previous in Section 2.2' - 'As noted previously in Section 2.2' (or could omit 'previously').
  
  The suggested change has been made.
  192. 'a parachute cannot procure' - 'a parachute cannot provide'
  
  Thanks. The wording has been corrected.
  292. 'Pendulum motions where' - 'Pendulum motions were'
  
  Thanks. The typo has been corrected.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-510-AC2

Peer review completion

AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload

AR by Jens Faber on behalf of the Authors (23 May 2023) Author's response Author's tracked changes Manuscript

ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (03 Jun 2023) by Ad Stoffelen

RR by Anonymous Referee #1 (10 Jun 2023)

RR by Anonymous Referee #2 (21 Jun 2023)

Suggestions for revision or reasons for rejection

Authors response

The resonses were generally helpful. I would like to see some points from them incorporated into the main manuscript.

'Two other flights with a similar setup (Dusch et al) show essentially the same results.'

'In our manuscript we describe general properties of the balloon flight that originate from very fundamental concepts in fluid dynamics and the pendulum motions of the sonde. Accordingly, we are confident that the results are more widely representative, because the effects shown in this study are properties of the flow around the balloon and not of the geophysical conditions.'

Detailed comments

8. 'use data from a descending balloon in order to avoid disturbances from the wake of the balloon on
temperature and humidity measurements due to the decreased string length.'

Wake effects are more of a problem in the mid-stratosphere - which isn't reached in your descending balloon setup!
My statement is partly based on WMO/Elms et al (1994), they looked at mean temperatures rather than indivudual spikes
and recommended "Suspension lengths of less than lOm should be avoided if best quality radiosonde temperature
observations are required at pressures lower than 50 hPa. A suspension length·of 40m is probably longer than
necessary for most routine operational radiosonde observations." (Of course the balloon diameter is greater at
upper levels giving a wider wake. Temperature spikes are usually removed by the ground processing.)

Specifically for wind research a wind-only GNSS sonde could be used (Graw make one, I think Meteomodem do too).
If using a wind-only sonde would you choose to measure on ascent or descent?
If high-resolution wind data were required up to say 30 km presumably you would measure on ascent.
(Obviously the abstract is not the correct place to discuss all these issues, but I would like to see them
discussed somewhere within the manuscript.)

World Meteorological Organization, 1994: The difference in observed temperatures from radiosondes suspended 10 m
and 40 m beneath a 1400 g balloon (J.B. Elms, J. Nash and G. Williams).
Papers Presented at the WMO Technical Conference on Instruments and Methods of
Observation (TECO-94), Instruments and Observing Methods Report No. 57,
WMO/TD-No. 588, Geneva, pp. 121-126.
https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=9607

126. 'sharp reduction in ascent rate from 10 km to 15 km altitude'
Please include the following from your response:
"The tropopause height for this launch was 11.1 km. For radiosonde type balloon launches at 5 m/s ascent rate, the
flow condition change usually happens slightly above the tropopause. This is, because the density declines quicker
with height above the troposphere, leading to a sharper decline in the Reynolds number (c.f. Figure 3)."

258. 'all modern radiosondes measure horizontal winds from the drift of the balloon by GPS'
'all' - 'most' See section 5.1 of ECMWF Tech memo 807
https://www.ecmwf.int/en/elibrary/80268-assessment-different-radiosonde-types-20152016
Radar is still extensively used by China and Russia (I would describe the Chinese radar sondes as 'modern',
but not the Russian ones). Indonesia and some adjascent countries still make extensive use of PILOT ascents,
probably radar.

289. 'Dusch et al., 2023, under rev.' - 'under revision'

Hide

ED: Publish subject to minor revisions (review by editor) (30 Jun 2023) by Ad Stoffelen

AR by Jens Faber on behalf of the Authors (18 Jul 2023) Author's response Author's tracked changes Manuscript

ED: Publish as is (24 Jul 2023) by Ad Stoffelen

AR by Jens Faber on behalf of the Authors (28 Jul 2023)

Journal article(s) based on this preprint

19 Sep 2023

Acquiring high-resolution wind measurements by modifying radiosonde sounding procedures

Jens Faber, Michael Gerding, and Torsten Köpnick

Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4183–4193, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4183-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4183-2023, 2023

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Weather forecasters around the world use uncrewed balloons to measure wind and temperature for their weather models. In these measurements, wind is recorded from the shift of the balloon by the moving air. However, the balloons and the measurement devices also move by themselves in still air. This creates artificial wind measurements that are normally removed from the data. We show new techniques to avoid these movements, increasing the altitude resolution of the wind measurement six times.


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